Version of the Windows NT operating system | |
Screenshot of Windows 7 Ultimate, showing its Start Menu, desktop, taskbar, and the glass effect of Windows Aero |
|
Developer | Microsoft |
---|---|
Source model |
|
Released to manufacturing |
July 22, 2009; 14 years ago[1] |
General availability |
October 22, 2009; 13 years ago[2] |
Final release | Service Pack 1 (6.1.7601.24499) / February 9, 2011; 12 years ago[3] |
Marketing target | Consumer and business |
Update method | Windows Update |
Platforms | IA-32 and x86-64 |
Kernel type | Hybrid |
Userland | Windows API, NTVDM, SUA |
License | Proprietary commercial software |
Preceded by | Windows Vista (2007)[4] |
Succeeded by | Windows 8 (2012) |
Official website | Windows 7 (archived at Wayback Machine) |
Support status | |
Excludes Windows Thin PC and some embedded editions: Mainstream support ended on January 13, 2015.[5][6] Extended support ended on January 14, 2020.[5][6] Windows 7 was eligible for the Extended Security Updates (ESU) service. This service was available via specific volume licensing programs for Professional & Enterprise editions (via OEMs for some embedded editions) in yearly installments. Security updates were available for the operating system until January 10, 2023.[7][8] Exceptions exist until at most October 8, 2024, |
Windows 7 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009.[9] It is the successor to Windows Vista, released nearly three years earlier. Windows 7’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time. Windows 7 remained an operating system for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs, and itself was replaced in November 2012 by Windows 8, the name spanning more than three years of the product.
Extended support ended on January 14, 2020, over ten years after the release of Windows 7, after which the operating system ceased receiving further updates. A paid support program was available for enterprises, providing security updates for Windows 7 for up to three years since the official end of life.[10]
Windows 7 was intended to be an incremental upgrade to Microsoft Windows, addressing Windows Vista’s poor critical reception while maintaining hardware and software compatibility. Windows 7 continued improvements on the Windows Aero user interface with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows pinned applications, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the operating system, including libraries, the new file-sharing system HomeGroup, and support for multitouch input. A new «Action Center» was also added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information, and tweaks were made to the User Account Control system to make it less intrusive. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several stock applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player, and Windows Media Center.
Unlike Windows Vista, Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics considering the operating system to be a major improvement over its predecessor because of its improved performance, its more intuitive interface, fewer User Account Control popups, and other improvements made across the platform. Windows 7 was a major success for Microsoft; even before its official release, pre-order sales for the operating system on the online retailer Amazon.com had surpassed previous records. In just six months, over 100 million copies had been sold worldwide, increasing to over 630 million licenses by July 2012. By January 2018, Windows 10 surpassed Windows 7 as the most popular version of Windows worldwide. As of September 2023, 3.5% of traditional PCs running Windows are running Windows 7.[12] Windows 11 has recently taken second place from Windows 7 as the most popular Windows edition on all continents.[13] It still remains popular, and is second most popular in countries such as China.[14]
Windows 7 is the final version of Windows that supports processors without SSE2 or NX (although an update released in 2018 dropped support for non-SSE2 processors).[15] Its successor, Windows 8, requires a processor with SSE2 and NX in any supported architecture.[16]
Development history
Originally, a version of Windows codenamed «Blackcomb» was planned as the successor to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 in 2000. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed «Longhorn,» was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.[17] By the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. After three major malware outbreaks—the Blaster, Nachi, and Sobig worms—exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time period in August 2003,[18] Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn’s major development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.[19] Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006,[20] and was later canceled in 2007 due to the scope of the project.[21]
When released, Windows Vista was criticized for its long development time, performance issues, spotty compatibility with existing hardware and software at launch, changes affecting the compatibility of certain PC games, and unclear assurances by Microsoft that certain computers shipping with XP before launch would be «Vista Capable» (which led to a class-action lawsuit), among other critiques. As such, the adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low.[22][23][24] In July 2007, six months following the public release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7, with plans for a final release within three years.[25][26] Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more «user-centric».[27] Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements.[28] Steven Sinofsky later expanded on this point, explaining in the Engineering Windows 7 blog that the company was using a variety of new tracing tools to measure the performance of many areas of the operating system on an ongoing basis, to help locate inefficient code paths and to help prevent performance regressions.[29] Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP.[30] An estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into «core operating system» and «Windows client experience», in turn organized into 25 teams of around 40 developers on average.[31]
In October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system.[32][33] There has been some confusion over naming the product Windows 7,[34] while versioning it as 6.1 to indicate its similar build to Windows Vista and increase compatibility with applications that only check major version numbers, similar to Windows 2000 and Windows XP both having 5.x version numbers.[35] The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, build 6519.[36] Speaking about Windows 7 on October 16, 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer confirmed compatibility between Windows Vista and Windows 7, indicating that Windows 7 would be a refined version of Windows Vista.[37]
At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar.[38] On December 27, 2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.[39] According to a performance test by ZDNet,[40] Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Windows Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents. Other areas did not beat XP, including PC Pro benchmarks for typical office activities and video editing, which remain identical to Vista and slower than XP.[41] On January 7, 2009, the x64 version of the Windows 7 Beta (build 7000) was leaked onto the web, with some torrents being infected with a trojan.[42][43] At CES 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the Windows 7 Beta, build 7000, had been made available for download to MSDN and TechNet subscribers in the format of an ISO image.[44] The stock wallpaper of the beta version contained a digital image of the Betta fish.[45]
The release candidate, build 7100, became available for MSDN and TechNet subscribers, and Connect Program participants on April 30, 2009. On May 5, 2009, it became available to the general public, although it had also been leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.[46] The release candidate was available in five languages and expired on June 1, 2010, with shutdowns every two hours starting March 1, 2010.[47] Microsoft stated that Windows 7 would be released to the general public on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the launch of its predecessor. Microsoft released Windows 7 to MSDN and Technet subscribers on August 6, 2009.[48] Microsoft announced that Windows 7, along with Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing in the United States and Canada on July 22, 2009. Windows 7 build 7600.16385.090713-1255, which was compiled on July 13, 2009, was declared the final RTM build after passing all Microsoft’s tests internally.[49]
Features
New and changed
Among Windows 7’s new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,[50] support for virtual hard disks,[51] improved performance on multi-core processors,[52][53][54][55] improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),[56] a new version of Windows Media Center,[57] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack[58] and Windows PowerShell[59] being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.[60] Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner[61] Display Color Calibration Wizard,[62] Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.[63] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.[64] Windows 7 also has a native TFTP client with the ability to transfer files to or from a TFTP server.[65]
The default taskbar of Windows 7.
The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to the taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks, and files frequently used with specific applications.[66] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.[67] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.[68] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.
Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Aero Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top, left, or right of the screen.[69] Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts. Aero Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window’s title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly.
Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.[70] Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed in Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.[71] A new version of Microsoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.[72] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.[73] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.[74] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.[75] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.[76] All editions include some new and improved features, such as Windows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7, that originated within Vista. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic «previous version» snapshot of user files that have changed.[77] Backup and restore have also been improved,[78][79] and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.[80]
A new system known as «Libraries» was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a «Library.» By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created, consisting of the user’s personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.[81][82]
Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API[83] to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft also implemented better support for solid-state drives,[84] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included because of delays in the finalization of the standard.[85] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.[86][87]
For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),[88] new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.[89] Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.[90]
Removed
Certain capabilities and programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have been changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionalities; these include the classic Start Menu user interface, some taskbar features, Windows Explorer features, Windows Media Player features, Windows Ultimate Extras, Search button, and InkBall. Four applications bundled with Windows Vista—Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, Windows Calendar and Windows Mail—are not included with Windows 7 and were replaced by Windows Live-branded versions as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.[91][92]
Editions
Windows 7 is available in six different editions, of which the Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate were available at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on most new computers. Home Premium and Professional were aimed at home users and small businesses respectively, while Ultimate was aimed at enthusiasts. Each edition of Windows 7 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and adds additional features oriented towards their market segments; for example, Professional adds additional networking and security features such as Encrypting File System and the ability to join a domain. Ultimate contained a superset of the features from Home Premium and Professional, along with other advanced features oriented towards power users, such as BitLocker drive encryption; unlike Windows Vista, there were no «Ultimate Extras» add-ons created for Windows 7 Ultimate.[93][94][95] Retail copies were available in «upgrade» and higher-cost «full» version licenses; «upgrade» licenses require an existing version of Windows to install, while «full» licenses can be installed on computers with no existing operating system.[96]
The remaining three editions were not available at retail, of which two were available exclusively through OEM channels as pre-loaded software. The Starter edition is a stripped-down version of Windows 7 meant for low-cost devices such as netbooks. In comparison to Home Premium, Starter has reduced multimedia functionality, does not allow users to change their desktop wallpaper or theme, disables the «Aero Glass» theme, does not have support for multiple monitors, and can only address 2GB of RAM.[95][97] Home Basic was sold only in emerging markets, and was positioned in between Home Premium and Starter.[93][94] The highest edition, Enterprise, is functionally similar to Ultimate, but is only sold through volume licensing via Microsoft’s Software Assurance program.[98][99][100]
All editions aside from Starter support both IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, Starter only supports 32-bit systems.[95] Retail copies of Windows 7 are distributed on two DVDs: one for the IA-32 version and the other for x86-64. OEM copies include one DVD, depending on the processor architecture licensed. The installation media for consumer versions of Windows 7 are identical, the product key and corresponding license determines the edition that is installed. The Windows Anytime Upgrade service can be used to purchase an upgrade that unlocks the functionality of a higher edition, such as going from Starter to Home Premium, and Home Premium to Ultimate.[93] Most copies of Windows 7 only contained one license; in certain markets, a «Family Pack» version of Windows 7 Home Premium was also released for a limited time, which allowed upgrades on up to three computers.[101] In certain regions, copies of Windows 7 were only sold in, and could only be activated in a designated region.[102]
Support lifecycle
Expiration date | |
---|---|
Mainstream support | January 13, 2015[5][6] |
Extended support | January 14, 2020[5][6] |
Applicable Windows 7 editions: | |
Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate,[5][6] as well as Professional for Embedded Systems and Ultimate for Embedded Systems[103] | |
Exceptions | |
Professional and Enterprise volume licensed editions, as well as Professional for Embedded Systems | Extended Security Updates (ESU) support ended on January 10, 2023[8] |
Windows Thin PC | Mainstream support ended on October 11, 2016[104] Extended support ended on October 12, 2021[104] |
Windows Embedded Standard 7 | Mainstream support ended on October 13, 2015[103] Extended support ended on October 13, 2020[103] Extended Security Updates (ESU) support until October 10, 2023[8] |
Windows Embedded POSReady 7 | Mainstream support ended on October 11, 2016[103] Extended support ended on October 12, 2021[103] Extended Security Updates (ESU) support until October 8, 2024[8] |
Support for Windows 7 without Service Pack 1 ended on April 9, 2013, requiring users to update in order to continue receiving updates and support after 3 years, 8 months, and 18 days.[105] Microsoft ended the sale of new retail copies of Windows 7 in October 2014, and the sale of new OEM licenses for Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, and Ultimate ended on October 31, 2014. OEM sales of PCs with Windows 7 Professional pre-installed ended on October 31, 2016.[106] The sale of non-Professional OEM licenses was stopped on October 31, 2014.[107]
Mainstream support for Windows 7 ended on January 13, 2015. Extended support for Windows 7 ended on January 14, 2020.[108][109] In August 2019, Microsoft announced it will be offering a ‘free’ extended security updates to some business users.[110][111]
On September 7, 2018, Microsoft announced a paid «Extended Security Updates» service that will offer additional updates for Windows 7 Professional and Enterprise for up to three years after the end of extended support.[112]
Variants of Windows 7 for embedded systems and thin clients have different support policies: Windows Embedded Standard 7 support ended in October 2020. Windows Thin PC and Windows Embedded POSReady 7 had support until October 2021. Windows Embedded Standard 7 and Windows Embedded POSReady 7 also get Extended Security Updates for up to three years after their end of extended support date.[8] The Extended Security Updates program on Windows Embedded POSReady 7 will expire on October 8, 2024. This will mark the final end of the Windows NT 6.1 product line after 15 years, 2 months, and 17 days.[8]
In March 2019, Microsoft announced that it would display notifications to users informing users of the upcoming end of support, and direct users to a website urging them to purchase a Windows 10 upgrade or a new computer.[113]
In August 2019, researchers reported that «all modern versions of Microsoft Windows» may be at risk for «critical» system compromise because of design flaws of hardware device drivers from multiple providers.[114] In the same month, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Microsoft Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.[115] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from the older Windows XP version to the most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.[116]
In September 2019, Microsoft announced that it would provide free security updates for Windows 7 on federally-certified voting machines through the 2020 United States elections.[117]
System requirements
Component | Operating system architecture | |
---|---|---|
32-bit | 64-bit | |
Processor | 1 GHz IA-32 processor Support for SSE2 required after May 2018 cumulative update[119] |
1 GHz x86-64 processor |
Memory (RAM) | 1 GB | 2 GB |
Graphics card | DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM driver model 1.0 | |
Storage space | 16 GB | 20 GB |
Installation media | DVD drive or USB drive |
Additional requirements to use certain features:[118]
- Windows XP Mode (Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise): Requires an additional 1 GB of RAM and additional 15 GB of available hard disk space. The requirement for a processor capable of hardware virtualization has been lifted.[120]
- Windows Media Center (included in Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise), requires a TV tuner to receive and record TV.
Extent of hardware support
Physical memory
The maximum amount of RAM that Windows 7 supports varies depending on the product edition and on the processor architecture, as shown in the following table.[121]
Edition | Processor architecture | |
---|---|---|
IA-32 (32-bit) | x64 (64-bit) | |
Ultimate | 4 GB | 192 GB |
Enterprise | ||
Professional | ||
Home Premium | 16 GB | |
Home Basic | 8 GB | |
Starter | 2 GB | — |
Processor limits
Windows 7 Professional and up support up to 2 physical processors (CPU sockets),[122]
whereas Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium editions support only 1.[123] Physical processors with either multiple cores, or hyper-threading, or both, implement more than one logical processor per physical processor. The x86 editions of Windows 7 support up to 32 logical processors; x64 editions support up to 256 (4 x 64).[124]
In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would no longer support Windows platforms older than Windows 10 on any future Intel-compatible processor lines, citing difficulties in reliably allowing the operating system to operate on newer hardware. Microsoft stated that effective July 17, 2017, devices with Intel Skylake CPUs were only to receive the «most critical» updates for Windows 7 and 8.1, and only if they have been judged not to affect the reliability of Windows 7 on older hardware.[108][125] For enterprise customers, Microsoft issued a list of Skylake-based devices «certified» for Windows 7 and 8.1 in addition to Windows 10, to assist them in migrating to newer hardware that can eventually be upgraded to 10 once they are ready to transition. Microsoft and their hardware partners provide special testing and support for these devices on 7 and 8.1 until the July 2017 date.[126]
On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism from enterprise customers, Microsoft delayed the end of support and non-critical updates for Skylake systems to July 17, 2018, but stated that they would also continue to receive security updates through the end of extended support.[127][128] In August 2016, citing a «strong partnership with our OEM partners and Intel», Microsoft retracted the decision and stated that it would continue to support Windows 7 and 8.1 on Skylake hardware through the end of their extended support lifecycle. However, the restrictions on newer CPU microarchitectures remain in force.[129][130]
In March 2017, a Microsoft knowledge base article announced which implies that devices using Intel Kaby Lake, AMD Bristol Ridge, or AMD Ryzen, would be blocked from using Windows Update entirely.[131][132] In addition, official Windows 7 device drivers are not available for the Kaby Lake and Ryzen platforms.[133][134]
Security updates released since March 2018 contain bugs which affect processors that do not support SSE2 extensions, including all Pentium III processors. Microsoft initially stated that it would attempt to resolve the issue, and prevented installation of the affected patches on these systems. However, on June 15, 2018, Microsoft retroactively modified its support documents to remove the promise that this bug would be resolved, replacing it with a statement suggesting that users obtain a newer processor. This effectively ends future patch support for Windows 7 on these systems.[135][136]
Updates
Service Pack 1
Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) was announced on March 18, 2010. A beta was released on July 12, 2010.[137][138][139] The final version was released to the public on February 22, 2011.[140] At the time of release, it was not made mandatory. It was available via Windows Update, direct download, or by ordering the Windows 7 SP1 DVD.[141] The service pack is on a much smaller scale than those released for previous versions of Windows, particularly Windows Vista.[142]
Windows 7 Service Pack 1 adds support for Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX), a 256-bit instruction set extension for processors, and improves IKEv2 by adding additional identification fields such as E-mail ID to it. In addition, it adds support for Advanced Format 512e as well as additional Identity Federation Services.[143][144] Windows 7 Service Pack 1 also resolves a bug related to HDMI audio and another related to printing XPS documents.[143]
In Europe, the automatic nature of the BrowserChoice.eu feature was dropped in Windows 7 Service Pack 1 in February 2011 and remained absent for 14 months despite Microsoft reporting that it was still present, subsequently described by Microsoft as a «technical error.» As a result, in March 2013, the European Commission fined Microsoft €561 million to deter companies from reneging on settlement promises.[145]
Platform Update
The Platform Update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 was released on February 26, 2013[146] after a pre-release version had been released on November 5, 2012.[147] It is also included with Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7.[148]
It includes enhancements to Direct2D, DirectWrite, Direct3D, Windows Imaging Component (WIC), Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform (WARP), Windows Animation Manager (WAM), XPS Document API, H.264 Video Decoder and JPEG XR decoder.[146] However support for Direct3D 11.1 is limited as the update does not include DXGI/WDDM 1.2 from Windows 8, making unavailable many related APIs and significant features such as stereoscopic frame buffer, feature level 11_1 and optional features for levels 10_0, 10_1 and 11_0.[149]
Disk Cleanup update
In October 2013, a Disk Cleanup Wizard addon was released that lets users delete outdated Windows updates on Windows 7 SP1, thus reducing the size of the WinSxS directory. This update backports some features found in Windows 8.[150]
Windows Management Framework 5.0
Windows Management Framework 5.0 includes updates to Windows PowerShell 5.0, Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC), Windows Remote Management (WinRM), Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI). It was released on February 24, 2016[151] and was eventually superseded by Windows Management Framework 5.1.[152]
Convenience rollup
In May 2016, Microsoft released a «Convenience rollup update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1,» which contains all patches released between the release of SP1 and April 2016. The rollup is not available via Windows Update, and must be downloaded manually. This package can also be integrated into a Windows 7 installation image.[153]
Since October 2016, all security and reliability updates are cumulative. Downloading and installing updates that address individual problems is no longer possible, but the number of updates that must be downloaded to fully update the OS is significantly reduced.[154]
Monthly update rollups (July 2016-January 2020)
In June 2018, Microsoft announced that Windows 7 would be moved to a monthly update model beginning with updates released in September 2018,[155] two years after Microsoft switched the rest of their supported operating systems to that model.[156] With the new update model, instead of updates being released as they became available, only two update packages were released on the second Tuesday of every month until Windows 7 reached its end of life—one package containing security and quality updates, and a smaller package that contained only the security updates. Users could choose which package they wanted to install each month. Later in the month, another package would be released which was a preview of the next month’s security and quality update rollup.
Microsoft announced in July 2019 that the Microsoft Internet Games services on Windows XP and Windows Me would end on July 31, 2019 (and for Windows 7 on January 22, 2020).[157]
The last non-extended security update rollup packages were released on January 14, 2020, the last day that Windows 7 had extended support.[158]
End of support (after January 14, 2020)
On January 14, 2020, Windows 7 support ended with Microsoft no longer providing security updates or fixes after that date,[159] except for subscribers of the Windows 7 Extended Security Updates (ESU), who were able to receive Windows 7 security updates through January 10, 2023.[160] However, there have been two updates that have been issued to non-ESU subscribers:
- In February 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to fix a black wallpaper issue caused by the January 2020 update for Windows 7.[161][162]
- In June 2020, Microsoft released an update via Windows Update to roll out the new Chromium-based Microsoft Edge to Windows 7 and 8.1 machines that are not connected to Active Directory.[163][164] Users, e.g. those on Active Directory, can download Edge from Microsoft’s website.
In a support document, Microsoft has stated that a full-screen upgrade warning notification would be displayed on Windows 7 PCs on all editions except the Enterprise edition after January 15, 2020. The notification does not appear on machines connected to Active Directory, machines in kiosk mode, or machines subscribed for Extended Security Updates.[165]
Reception
Critical reception
Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics noting the increased usability and functionality when compared with its predecessor, Windows Vista. CNET gave Windows 7 Home Premium a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars,[166] stating that it «is more than what Vista should have been, [and] it’s where Microsoft needed to go». PC Magazine rated it a 4 out of 5 saying that Windows 7 is a «big improvement» over Windows Vista, with fewer compatibility problems, a retooled taskbar, simpler home networking and faster start-up.[167] Maximum PC gave Windows 7 a rating of 9 out of 10 and called Windows 7 a «massive leap forward» in usability and security, and praised the new Taskbar as «worth the price of admission alone.»[168] PC World called Windows 7 a «worthy successor» to Windows XP and said that speed benchmarks showed Windows 7 to be slightly faster than Windows Vista.[169] PC World also named Windows 7 one of the best products of the year.[170]
In its review of Windows 7, Engadget said that Microsoft had taken a «strong step forward» with Windows 7 and reported that speed is one of Windows 7’s major selling points—particularly for the netbook sets.[171] Laptop Magazine gave Windows 7 a rating of 4 out of 5 stars and said that Windows 7 makes computing more intuitive, offered better overall performance including a «modest to dramatic» increase in battery life on laptop computers.[172] TechRadar gave Windows 7 a rating of 5 out of 5 stars, concluding that «it combines the security and architectural improvements of Windows Vista with better performance than XP can deliver on today’s hardware. No version of Windows is ever perfect, but Windows 7 really is the best release of Windows yet.»[173] USA Today[174] and The Telegraph[175] also gave Windows 7 favorable reviews.
Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote, «Visually arresting,» and «A pleasure.»[176][177] Mary Branscombe of Financial Times wrote, «A clear leap forward.»[178] of Gizmodo wrote, «Windows 7 Kills Snow Leopard.»[179] Don Reisinger of CNET wrote, «Delightful.»[180] David Pogue of The New York Times wrote, «Faster.»[181][182] J. Peter Bruzzese and Richi Jennings of Computerworld wrote, «Ready.»[183][184]
Some Windows Vista Ultimate users have expressed concerns over Windows 7 pricing and upgrade options.[185][186] Windows Vista Ultimate users wanting to upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7 had to either pay $219.99[187] to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate or perform a clean install, which requires them to reinstall all of their programs.[188]
The changes to User Account Control on Windows 7 were criticized for being potentially insecure, as an exploit was discovered allowing untrusted software to be launched with elevated privileges by exploiting a trusted component. Peter Bright of Ars Technica argued that «the way that the Windows 7 UAC ‘improvements’ have been made completely exempts Microsoft’s developers from having to do that work themselves. With Windows 7, it’s one rule for Redmond, another one for everyone else.»[189] Microsoft’s Windows kernel engineer Mark Russinovich acknowledged the problem, but noted that malware can also compromise a system when users agree to a prompt.[90][190]
Sales
In July 2009, in only eight hours, pre-orders of Windows 7 at amazon.co.uk surpassed the demand which Windows Vista had in its first 17 weeks.[191] It became the highest-grossing pre-order in Amazon’s history, surpassing sales of the previous record holder, the seventh Harry Potter book.[192] After 36 hours, 64-bit versions of Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate editions sold out in Japan.[193] Two weeks after its release its market share had surpassed that of Snow Leopard, released two months previously as the most recent update to Apple’s Mac OS X operating system.[194][195] According to Net Applications, Windows 7 reached a 4% market share in less than three weeks; in comparison, it took Windows Vista seven months to reach the same mark.[196][197] As of February 2014, Windows 7 had a market share of 47.49% according to Net Applications; in comparison, Windows XP had a market share of 29.23%.[198]
On March 4, 2010, Microsoft announced that it had sold more than 90 million licenses.[199]
By April 23, 2010, more than 100 million copies were sold in six months, which made it Microsoft’s fastest-selling operating system.[200][201] As of June 23, 2010, Windows 7 has sold 150 million copies which made it the fastest selling operating system in history with seven copies sold every second.[201][202] Based on worldwide data taken during June 2010 from Windows Update 46% of Windows 7 PCs run the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.[203] According to Stephen Baker of the NPD Group during April 2010 in the United States 77% of PCs sold at retail were pre-installed with the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.[203][204] As of July 22, 2010, Windows 7 had sold 175 million copies.[205] On October 21, 2010, Microsoft announced that more than 240 million copies of Windows 7 had been sold.[206] Three months later, on January 27, 2011, Microsoft announced total sales of 300 million copies of Windows 7.[207] On July 12, 2011, the sales figure was refined to over 400 million end-user licenses and business installations.[208] As of July 9, 2012, over 630 million licenses have been sold; this number includes licenses sold to OEMs for new PCs.[209]
Antitrust concerns
As with other Microsoft operating systems, Windows 7 was studied by United States federal regulators who oversee the company’s operations following the 2001 United States v. Microsoft Corp. settlement. According to status reports filed, the three-member panel began assessing prototypes of the new operating system in February 2008. Michael Gartenberg, an analyst at Jupiter Research, said, «[Microsoft’s] challenge for Windows 7 will be how can they continue to add features that consumers will want that also don’t run afoul of regulators.»[210]
In order to comply with European antitrust regulations, Microsoft proposed the use of a «ballot» screen containing download links to competing web browsers, thus removing the need for a version of Windows completely without Internet Explorer, as previously planned.[211] Microsoft announced that it would discard the separate version for Europe and ship the standard upgrade and full packages worldwide, in response to criticism involving Windows 7 E and concerns from manufacturers about possible consumer confusion if a version of Windows 7 with Internet Explorer were shipped later, after one without Internet Explorer.[212]
As with the previous version of Windows, an N version, which does not come with Windows Media Player, has been released in Europe, but only for sale directly from Microsoft sales websites and selected others.[213]
See also
- BlueKeep, a security vulnerability discovered in May 2019 that affected most Windows NT-based computers up to Windows 7
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Further reading
- Bott, Ed; Siechert, Carl; Stinson, Craig (2010). Windows 7 Inside Out. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2665-2.
External links
- Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1)
- Windows 7 SP1 update history
Windows 7 — пользовательская операционная система семейства Windows NT компании Microsoft. Следует по времени выхода за Windows Vista и предшествует Windows 8. Расширенная поддержка прекращена 14 января 2020 года. Поддержка для ОС на сегодняшний день платная, действует до 10 января 2023 года.
Дата выхода и популярность[]
Операционная система поступила в продажу 22 октября 2009 года[1] — меньше, чем через три года после выпуска предыдущей операционной системы Windows Vista. Партнёрам и клиентам, обладающим лицензией Volume Licensing, доступ к RTM был предоставлен 24 июля 2009 года. В интернете оригинальные установочные образы финальной версии системы были доступны с 21 июля 2009 года.
С июля 2011 до марта 2017 года Windows 7 занимала лидирующее положение по количеству пользователей в мире. По состоянию на май 2020 года, доля Windows 7 составляет ▼ 7,2 % среди используемых в мире операционных систем для доступа к сети Интернет и занимает третье место в мире по популярности после Windows 10 (76 %) и MacOS (11,9 %)[2].
В 2017 году компания Microsoft объявила, что поддержка Windows 7 будет прекращена 14 января 2020 года. Также в конце 2020 года обещают окончание поддержки ОС для голосовых сообщений.[3][4]. Платные обновления расширенной безопасности (ESU), продаваемые отдельно для каждого устройства, будут предлагаться до января 2023 года[5].
В июле 2019 года Microsoft объявила, что сервисы интернет-игр Microsoft на Windows Me и Windows XP прекратят работу 31 июля 2019 года (а для Windows 7 — 22 января 2020 года).[6]
Безопасность[]
В Windows 7 реализована более гибкая настройка User Account Control (UAC), которая в отличие от Windows Vista имеет ещё два промежуточных состояния — «Уведомлять только при попытках программ внести изменения в компьютер» (положение по умолчанию), «Уведомлять только при попытках программ внести изменения в компьютер (не затемнять рабочий стол)».
Внесены изменения в технологию шифрования BitLocker и добавлена функция шифрования съёмных носителей BitLocker to go, позволяющая шифровать съёмные носители, причём даже при отсутствии модуля TPM.
Добавлена возможность защиты данных на USB-накопителях с помощью Enhanced Storage[13].
Улучшения коснулись и брандмауэра Windows: вернулась функция уведомления пользователя о блокировке программы, которая пытается получить доступ к сети.
С помощью групповой политики и функции AppLocker можно запретить запуск определенных приложений.
В лицензионной версии присутствует защита от удалённого управления PC для которого необходимо разрешение пользователя, также блокируется связной адрес hosts для управления и обмена данных между PC, для чего также необходимо разрешение администраторских прав.[источник не указан 1364 дня]
Функция DirectAccess позволяет устанавливать безопасное соединение с сервером в фоновом режиме, в отличие от VPN, которому требуется участие пользователя. Также DirectAccess может применять групповые политики до входа пользователя в систему.
Стили оформления[]
Windows 7 поддерживает несколько вариантов оформления пользовательского интерфейса:
- Windows Aero — оригинальный стиль оформления с прозрачными многоцветными рамками окон, применяемый по умолчанию. Доступен в редакции «Домашняя расширенная» и выше.
- Windows 7 — упрощённый стиль — Windows Aero с некоторыми отключёнными возможностями (например, прозрачностью окон, Windows Flip 3D, AeroPeek). Требования к системе гораздо ниже, чем у Windows Aero. Доступен во всех редакциях Windows 7 и является основным в редакции «Начальная». Этот стиль также применяется при запуске приложений в режиме совместимости.
- Классический — минимальные требования к системе, оформление окон в стиле «классической» темы Windows 2000. Доступны различные цветовые схемы, в частности, подобные схемам Windows 2000; пользователь может создавать свои цветовые схемы.
- Пользовательские темы оформления — пользователи, недовольные интерфейсом Windows 7, могут разработать и применить собственный стиль оформления, основанный на одном из вышеперечисленных.
Удалённые компоненты[править | править код][]
Из состава Windows 7 были исключены приложения, разработанные для Windows Vista: Inkball, DreamScene, Ultimate Extras, приложения, имеющие аналоги в Windows Live (Почта Windows, Календарь Windows и пр.), технология Microsoft Agent, Windows Meeting Space. Из меню «Пуск» исчезла возможность использовать классическое меню (вернуться к нему можно только установив стороннее ПО, например Classic Shell), а также исчезла автоматическая пристыковка браузера и клиента электронной почты.
Архитектура | 32-бит | 64-бит |
---|---|---|
Процессор | 1 ГГц IA-32 | 1 ГГц x86-64 |
Оперативная память (RAM) | 1 Гб | 2 Гб |
Видеокарта | Видеоадаптер с поддержкой DirectX 9 и WDDM версии 1.0 и старше.
(не является абсолютной необходимостью — требуется только для Aero) |
|
Свободное место на жёстком диске | 16 Гб свободного места | 20 Гб свободного места |
Оптический привод | DVD-ROM привод[15] (Только для установки с DVD) |
Издание | Объем
оперативной памяти |
Количество
физических процессоров |
Кол-во ядер процессора | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
x86 (32-бит) | x64 (64-бит) | x86 (32-бит) | x64 (64-бит) | ||
Ultimate (Максимальная) | 4 Гб | 192 Гб | 2 | 32 | 256 |
Professional (Профессиональная) | |||||
Enterprise (Корпоративная) | |||||
Home Premium (Домашняя расширенная) | 16 Гб | 1 | |||
Home Basic (Домашняя базовая) | 8 Гб | ||||
Starter (Начальная) | 2 Гб | Нет | N/A |
История разработки[]
Основная статья: Разработка Windows 7
Кодовое название Blackcomb принадлежало Windows NT 6.0, операционной системе, которая, как планировалось, станет следующей после Windows XP. Blackcomb должна была стать преемником этой ОС как для настольных, так и для серверных рабочих станций. В конце 2001 года выпуск Blackcomb был запланирован на 2005 год, а в августе 2002 года было объявлено о том, что промежуточной версией станет Windows Longhorn, которая будет обновлением ядра Windows NT 5.x. В течение разработки Windows Longhorn в неё были добавлены некоторые функции Blackcomb и присвоен номер 6.0. Blackcomb была окружена слухами о том, что планы по маркетингу были сильно пересмотрены и что она должна быть серверной ОС Windows 6.x, но с улучшениями[49].
В январе 2006 года Microsoft объявила, что новой клиентской ОС будет Vienna, выход которой был запланирован на 2010 год[50][51].
В марте 2006 года стало известно, что наследницей Windows Vista будет Fiji, выход которой был запланирован на 2008 год[52]. В 2008 году, в результате жалоб фиджийского правительства на то, что новая ОС будет носить имя их страны, стали известны новые сведения о Fiji[53]. По словам фиджийцев [обтекаемое выражение], Бен Грин сказал, что в Fiji будут добавлены новые телевизионные форматы, поддержка интерактивных служб и улучшения пользовательского интерфейса для Windows Media Center.
24 июля 2007 года корпорация Microsoft официально сменила кодовое название Vienna на Windows 7[54]. Номер Windows 7 в линейке NT — 6.1 (в своё время системы этого семейства получили номера: Windows 2000 — 5.0, Windows XP — 5.1, Windows Server 2003 — 5.2, Windows Vista и Windows Server 2008 — 6.0). 13 октября 2008 года вице-президент Microsoft Майк Нэш сообщил, что кодовое имя Windows 7 и станет официальным названием новой версии[55]
Продажи[]
В июле 2009 года, всего за 8 часов, предварительные заказы на Windows 7 на Amazon превысили спрос, который Windows Vista имела в первые 17 недель. Windows 7 стала самым кассовым товаром в истории Amazon, что превышает продажи предыдущего рекордсмена, седьмой книги Гарри Поттера. Через две недели после выхода Windows 7 её доля превысила аналогичный показатель Snow Leopard, выпущенной двумя месяцами ранее в качестве последнего обновления от Apple. По данным Net Applications, доля Windows 7 достигла доли рынка в 4 % менее чем за три недели (для сравнения — Windows Vista потребовалось семь месяцев для достижения той же планки)[56].
В период с 26 июня 2009 по 31 января 2010 года Microsoft предоставляла бесплатное обновление до Windows 7 (в случае загрузки дистрибутива через Интернет; за доставку физического носителя (DVD) бралась плата в размере 35 евро) для всех, кто купил компьютер с предустановленной ОС Windows Vista любой редакции (за исключением редакций Starter и Home Basic) у любого производителя. Этой возможностью могли воспользоваться только обладатели купона программы Windows 7 Upgrade Option[57].
Windows 7 распространялась на DVD[57] без возможности заказа комплекта CD (как это было ранее с Windows Vista и Windows XP). Однако возможность создать комплект CD-дисков доступна с помощью утилиты ImageX (через ключ /split) из комплекта для автоматической установки (WAIK) Windows Vista или Windows 7. Также для владельцев нетбуков без DVD-привода распространяются USB-токены с программой установки Windows 7. Однако выяснилось, что эта программа содержит код GPL. В ноябре 2009 года Microsoft извинилась перед покупателями и пообещала открыть код программы[58] и 10 декабря 2009 года окончательно открыла исходные коды Windows 7 USB/DVD Download Tool под лицензией GPLv2[59].
4 марта 2010 года Microsoft объявила, что продала более 90 млн лицензий Windows 7. К 23 апреля, то есть за шесть месяцев, было продано более 100 миллионов копий Windows 7, что сделало систему самой быстропродаваемой у Microsoft. К 23 июня было продано более 150 млн копий; по состоянию на 22 июля было продано 175 млн экземпляров ОС. 21 октября Microsoft объявила, что продано более 240 млн копий. 3 месяца спустя, 27 января 2011 года, Microsoft объявила об общем объёме продаж в 300 миллионов копий. По состоянию на 19 января 2012 года, было продано свыше 525 миллионов копий Windows 7[источник не указан 651 день].
На основе данных по всему миру, полученных в июне 2010 года с Windows Update, 46 % компьютеров работают на 64-разрядной Windows 7. По словам Стивена Бейкера из NPD Group, в апреле 2010 года 77 % компьютеров, проданных в США, были с предустановленной 64-разрядной Windows 7.
Отзывы о Windows 7 были в основном положительные, отмечалось повышение удобства и функциональности по сравнению с её предшественницей Windows Vista. CNET дал Windows 7 Home Premium рейтинг 4,5 из 5 звёзд. PC World присваивает Windows 7 рейтинг 9 из 10 и называет её «Массовый прыжок вперед» в плане удобства и безопасности, также высоко оценивая новую панель задач.
Согласно жизненному циклу продуктов Microsoft, c 31 октября 2013 года прекращены продажи всех версий Windows 7 для розничной торговли (BOX версии). OEM-продукты Microsoft продавались до 31 октября 2014 года (за исключением OEM Windows 7 Professional — до 31 октября 2016 года)[60].
Пакеты обновления и поддержка[]
Microsoft регулярно выпускает пакеты обновлений своих операционных систем, устраняющие выявленные проблемы и добавляющие новые возможности.
Поддержка Windows 7 RTM без пакетов обновления завершилась 9 апреля 2013 года.
Windows 7 не поддерживает CPU Intel Kaby Lake, 7-е поколение AMD (Bristol Ridge) и построенные на более поздних микроархитектурах, которые поддерживаются только в Windows 10[61].
Пакет обновления № 1[]
Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) был представлен 18 марта 2010 года. Бета-версия была выпущена 12 июля 2010 года. В окончательном варианте пакет был обнародован 9 февраля 2011 года. Сборка получила номер: 7601.17514.101119-1850. 22 февраля пакет обновления № 1 официально стал доступен для свободного скачивания через центр обновлений Windows[62].
В данный момент доступно несколько вариантов скачивания пакета обновления, в том числе по прямой ссылке[63]. Подробнее см. Сведения об установке пакета обновления 1 (SP1) для Windows 7[64].
Данный пакет исправлений не такой масштабный, как пакеты обновлений для предыдущих версий Windows, особенно Windows Vista[65]. Данный пакет исправлений содержит все выпущенные на момент его выхода обновления и заплатки для Windows 7, а также исправление некоторых ошибок
Критика Windows 7[]
Сразу после появления на рынке в 2009 году, Windows 7 критиковалась за более медленную, относительно Windows XP, работу приложений (по результатам тестов на 2—4 %)[71]. Усложнение ОС повлекло более высокие системные требования, увеличение энергопотребления и снижение времени работы батарей нетбуков на 2—8 % (а в некоторых случаях до 30 %), по сравнению с Windows XP[72][73]. Несмотря на все нарекания, система была «тепло» встречена пользователями по сравнению с Windows Vista.
В Windows 7, как и в предыдущих ОС от Microsoft, применяется активация лицензионного ключа. Хакеры несколькими путями отключали её, но ещё до релиза, который состоялся 22 октября, был найден метод полного обхода этого механизма с помощью перепрошивки BIOS компьютера. Активация Windows Vista производилась таким же образом, так что фактически активация Windows 7 была взломана ещё до своего появления, так как было очевидно, что её механизм не претерпит значительных изменений[74]. Через несколько месяцев после выхода ОС было выпущено обновление KB971033, при установке которого происходила блокировка нелицензионной версии Windows 7, однако через некоторое время был разработан способ и этого обхода.
Фонд свободного программного обеспечения развернул кампанию Windows 7 Sins (игра слов, которую можно перевести как семь грехов Windows или грехи Windows 7). В ней приведены 7 доводов — в частности, опасения, что в Windows 7 используются технологии, позволяющие Microsoft вторгаться в личную жизнь пользователя и опасение, что из-за повсеместного использования DRM возможно замыкание пользователя на продукцию конкретных поставщиков и, в первую очередь, Microsoft[75].
Причиной судебного разбирательства между Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, Dell и Microsoft в сентябре 2009 года стал метод выбора даты без использования клавиатуры на экране компьютера в Outlook, Microsoft Money и других приложениях Microsoft, запатентованный компанией AT&T в 2002 году[76].
Время на прочтение
4 мин
Количество просмотров 13K
Принято считать, что версии Windows получаются удачными через одну. После не то чтобы провальной, но вызвавшей много нареканий Windows Vista пользователи ждали простой, удобной и стабильной операционной системы, которая не раздражала бы их ненужными виджетами и боковыми панелями. И дождались. 22 октября 2009 года на свет появилась Windows 7 — одна из самых лучших и надежных версий Windows, которая работает на миллионах компьютеров до сих пор.
Еще на этапе бета-тестирования стало очевидно, что новая редакция Windows станет прямой наследницей Vista: отличий от нее в первых публичных бетах было немного. Поначалу разработчики даже не удалили из системы боковую панель: из существенных модификаций можно было заметить разве что смену ядра на версию 6.1, и то, что разработчики полностью выпилили классическое представление Главного меню, неизменно присутствовавшее в составе ОС еще со времен Windows 95. Больше оно в архитектуру Windows никогда не вернется.
В Windows 7 milestone 2 видимых изменений тоже оказалось относительно немного: все основные новшества прятались «под капотом». Бета-тестеры заметили, что кнопка «свернуть все окна» перекочевала в правую часть Панели задач, а также то, что в эту сборку впервые был интегрирован Windows PowerShell в качестве компонента системы. Незначительные косметические изменения коснулись Проводника, а Главное меню обрело привычный пользователям Windows 7 вид. С архитектурной точки зрения в этой бета-версии Windows обработчик консольных окон переместился из клиент-серверного процесса csrss.exe в новый компонент Console Window Host (conhost.exe). Внешне пользовательский интерфейс остался практически прежним, однако появилась возможность включить «супербар» — «широкую» Панель задач. Для этого нужно было изменить несколько ключей в реестре Windows.
На этапе Milestone 3 (а именно, в сборке 6748) разработчики наконец-то убрали с Рабочего стола ненужную боковую панель. Система стала понемногу обретать черты окончательной версии, но до финишной ленточки было еще очень далеко — около года. «Супербар» в Windows 7 Milestone 3 уже был включен по умолчанию, при этом пользователи, что называется, «распробовали» новинку: окна сворачиваются в «Супербар» в виде квадратной кнопки, и, следовательно, занимают значительно меньше места по сравнению с прямоугольными кнопками в Vista. При этом появившаяся в Windows 7 группировка задач позволяет сэкономить еще больше пространства при открытии нескольких окон одного приложения (в предыдущих сборках количество открытых окон демонстрировалось цифрой, в Milestone 3 появились эскизы). В общем, если поначалу непривычно широкая Панель задач вызывала чисто эстетическое отторжение, то вскоре стало очевидно, что это, черт возьми, удобно.
В этой версии Windows можно было выбрать несколько изображений в папке в качестве обоев Рабочего стола, которые автоматически сменяют друг друга через заданные промежутки времени. Из комплекта приложений окончательно исчез почтовый клиент Windows Mail и Windows Calendar, а мини-приложения Рабочего стола больше не демонстрировались по умолчанию. Значительные изменения претерпел интерфейс стандартных программ WordPad и Paint — он стал «ленточным». Но больше всего новинок появилось в приложении Калькулятор — он обрел широкий «индикатор», позволяющий хранить историю вычислений. Программа наконец-то научилась преобразовывать друг в друга различные физические величины: километры в мили, литры в галлоны, и т. д. Признаться, этой, казалось бы, элементарной функции Калькулятору не хватало уже очень давно. Среди доступных режимов вычислений (десятичный, двоичный, шестнадцатеричный, статистический) появился новый — «програмистский».
Основное приложение Windows — файловый менеджер Проводник — тоже изрядно переработали. Самым удобным и простым в использовании Проводник был в Windows 2000: слева древовидная структура диска, справа – содержимое текущей папки, сверху – кнопки управления файловыми объектами и командное меню. В Windows XP слева появилась панель «типичных задач», которая, слава Богу, оказалась отключаемой (кто-нибудь хоть раз ею пользовался?). В Windows Vista разработчики удалили в Проводнике возможность навигации при помощи адресной строки, а панель древовидной структуры файловых объектов сделали так, что полностью просмотреть весь список стало невозможным, потому что он не умещается в отведенное ему пространство. Ну, а в Проводнике Windows 7 исчезли кнопки инструментальной панели и командная панель, содержащая меню «Файл», «Вид» и т. д. Впрочем, вскоре пользователи привыкли и к этому.
Официальная бета-версия Windows 7 выглядела в целом так же, как последовавший меньше года спустя релиз. Здесь разработчики добавляли только новые функциональные возможности: режим восстановления системы в случае аварийной загрузки, был внесен ряд незначительных изменений в интерфейс стандартных приложений. Именно в этой версии дебютировали знаменитые обои Рабочего стола с рыбкой Беттой.
Вместо нескольких кнопок выключения в Главном меню появилась одна стандартная. По умолчанию ей назначена функция «Shut down» (выключение компьютера), но по желанию пользователя эта функция может быть сменена на «Log off», «Restart», «Switch User» или «Hibernate», в зависимости от того, какой режим применяется в системе чаще. Windows PowerShell в бета-версии «семерки» заменили на PowerShell 2.0. Еще в Beta 1 неожиданно обнаружилась другая забавная программа — Sticky Notes, мутировавшая из гаджета для боковой панели Vista. Программа выполняла важную функцию: эмулировала желтые липкие листочки, на которых так любят писать свои логины и пароли для входа в систему бухгалтеры и секретари, прицепляя потом эти самые листочки к монитору.
Незадолго до публикации RTM — окончательной версии для сборщиков компьютеров — Microsoft выкатила Release Candidate. Эта сборка Windows 7 уже обрела окончательный вид, на этапе ее тестирования разработчики устраняли только мелкие баги и ошибки. Финальный релиз Windows 7 поступил в продажу 22 октября 2009 года. Сначала пользователи приняли систему скептически: еще были свежи воспоминания о вышедшей за два года до этого не слишком удачной Windows Vista, и «семерку» считали всего лишь очередным обновлением и «феслифтом» этой ОС. Но вскоре стало понятно, что Windows 7 — это значительный шаг вперед: система оказалась быстрой, стабильной и поддерживала огромный арсенал современного оборудования. Несмотря на то, что с тех пор на свет появилось еще четыре поколения Windows, «семерку» до сих пор не торопятся списывать в утиль. Зачем менять хорошее на новое?
Ровно 35 лет назад в этот день, 20 ноября 1985 года, Microsoft выпустила первую версию операционной системы Windows, которой впоследствии было суждено стать самой популярной ОС в мире. Windows 1.0 пришла на смену MS-DOS и принесла с собой много всего нового – элементов, которые в ней используются до сих пор. Это полосы прокрутки, диалоговые окна и такие приложения, такие Блокнот и Paint. В Windows 1.0 появилась поддержка мышки. Парадоксально, но поначалу многие жаловались, что в своей работе ОС слишком уж сильно опирается на манипулятор, вместо ввода команд с клавиатуры. Критикуют операционную систему и сейчас, но уже за другие вещи.
Для работы Windows 1.0 требовалось две дискеты, 256 КБ ОЗУ и графическая карта. Если была потребность в запуске нескольких программ, но требования повышались – жесткий диск и 512 КБ ОЗУ.
В то время на рынке ОС Microsoft конкурировала с Apple, но именно Windows было суждено стать самой популярной операционной системой. В нашей фотогалерее мы вспоминаем все основные версии Windows, от 1.0 до 10. Какая из них нравится вам больше всего и почему? Делитесь своими мнениями в комментариях.
Windows 1.0, 1985 год
Windows 2.0, 1987 год
Windows 3.0, 1990 год
Windows NT 3.5, 1994 год
Windows 95, 1995 год
Windows 98, 1998 год
Windows ME, 2000 год
Windows 2000 (она же Win2K или NT 5.0), 2000 год
Windows XP, 2001 год
Windows Vista, 2007 год
Windows 7, 2009 год
Windows 8, 2012 год
Windows 10, 2015 год
Windows 10, 2020 год
Итого 13 крупных релизов за эти 35 лет. В следующем году должна выйти Windows 10X, адаптированная для использования в ноутбуках, двухэкранных ПК и ноутбуках с гибкими дисплеями. Что же касается версии Windows для настольных ПК, то это по-прежнему будет Windows 10. По крайней мере, в ближайшие пару лет.
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Microsoft назначила дату выхода преемницы Windows Vista. Новая операционная система выйдет 22 октября 2009 г. Она появится как на новых компьютерах, так и в розничной продаже.
Продажи Windows 7 начнутся 22 октября 2009 г., сообщает Reuters со ссылкой на официальное заявление Microsoft. Дистрибутив новой операционной системы производители компьютеров начнут получать уже с июля 2009 г. В октябре в продаже появятся первые компьютеры с предустановленной Windows 7. С этого же месяца систему можно будет купить в рознице.
Новая операционная система придет на смену Windows Vista, которая вышла в январе 2007 г. Однако на этот раз разработчик решил не дожидаться Нового года и запустить продажи в преддверии рождества – в период, когда на рынке наблюдается наибольшая потребительская активность.
Согласно специальной программе, пользователи, купившие компьютер с Windows Vista после 1 июля 2009 г., смогут обновить операционную систему до Windows 7 бесплатно. Но эта программа будет действовать не для всех компьютеров. Ранее уже действовала подобная программа – для тех, кто купил компьютер с Windows XP незадолго до того, как появилась Vista.
Вместе с новой ОС будет поставляться Windows 7 Compatibility Center, с помощью которого разработчики смогут обеспечить совместимость своих продуктов с новой версией операционной системы. Центр совместимости приложений для Windows Vista был запущен спустя полтора года после выхода самой системы и в первые несколько дней после своего открытия не работал. На этот раз Microsoft обещает запустить центр одновременно с новой системой.
Windows 7 появится в широком доступе 22 октября 2009 г.
Разработка Windows 7 началась в 2006 г. В декабре прошлого года бета-версия системы появилась на торрентах, а в январе 2009 г. была размещена на официальном сайте и стала доступна всем желающим. В процессе тестирования в системе было найдено более 2 тыс. ошибок, которые Microsoft пообещала исправить. В отличие от Vista, созданной с нуля, Windows 7 будет основана на своей предшественнице. Наиболее важным нововведением в ней станет поддержка технологии multi-touch.
Как оцифровать поступление в вуз?
ИТ в госсекторе
Microsoft займется активным продвижением лишь двух версий Windows 7 — Home Premium и Professional для домашних и бизнес-пользователей соответственно. Помимо Home Premium и Professional будут существовать еще четыре версии — Home Basic, Enterprise, Ultimate и Starter Edition. Но на них компания не станет тратить существенные маркетинговые ресурсы. В Microsoft уверены, что Home Premium и Professional удовлетворят потребности большинства пользователей в мире, которых насчитывается более миллиарда.
Home Basic планируется распространять в развивающихся странах, заменив редакцию Starter. Starter Edition будет устанавливаться на компьютеры «с ограниченными аппаратными возможностями». Изначально Microsoft планировала ограничить Starter Edition на запуск не более трех приложений одновременно, но позже отказалась от этой идеи. Некоторые блоггеры успели охарактеризовать это ограничение как «худший маркетинговый прием в истории».
Напомним, что чистая прибыль крупнейшего мирового производителя программного обеспечения Microsoft за 1-й квартал 2009 г. снизилась на 32% до $2,98 млрд по сравнению с $4,39 млрд, полученными за аналогичный период годом ранее. Выручка компании сократилась впервые с 1986 г., когда акции Microsoft стали торговаться на рынке. Выручка от продажи клиентских версий Windows в отчетный период снизилась по сравнению с прошлым годом на 16% до $3,4 млрд. Снижение выручки от реализации Windows компания объясняет неблагоприятной ситуацией на рынке персональных компьютеров и постепенной популяризацией недорогих нетбуков. По собственным данным компании, в 1-м квартале 2009 г. нетбуки составили 10% всех продаж.
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