Как создать приложение на windows forms

Первое приложение с .NET CLI

Последнее обновление: 11.11.2022

Для создания графических интерфейсов с помощью платформы .NET применяются разные технологии — Window Forms, WPF, UWP.
Однако наиболее простой и удобной платформой до сих пор остается Window Forms или сокращенно WinForms. Данное руководство ставит своей целью дать понимание принципов создания графических интерфейсов с помощью технологии WinForms
и работы основных элементов управления.

Создадим первое приложение на C# и Windows Forms. Что нам для этого потребуется? Прежде всего необходим текстовый редактор для написания кода программы.
Можно взять любой понравившийся текстовый редактор, например, Visual Studio Code

Также для компиляции и запуска программы нам потребуется .NET SDK. Для его установки перейдем на официальный сайт по ссылке
.NET SDK

После установки .NET SDK для первого проекта определим какую-нибудь папку. Например, в моем случае это будет папка C:\dotnet\winforms\helloapp.
Откроем терминал/командную строку и перейдем к созданной папке проекта с помощью команды cd

cd C:\dotnet\winforms\helloapp

В данном случае мы для создания и запуска проекта мы будем использовать встроенную инфраструктуру .NET CLI, которая устанавливается вместе с .NET SDK.

Для создания проекта в .NET CLI применяется команда dotnet new, после которой указывается тип проWindows Formsекта. Для создания проекта
Windows Forms применяется шаблон — winforms. Поэтому введем в терминале команду

После выполнения этой команды у нас будет создан следующий проект:

Структура проекта Windows Forms

Рассмотрим базовую структуру простейшего стандартного проекта Windows Forms:

• helloapp.csproj: стандартный файл проекта C#, который соответствует назанию проекта (по умолчанию названию каталога) и описывает все его настройки.

• helloapp.csproj.user: дополнительный файл проекта C#, который хранит специфичные для текущего пользователя настройки.

• Form1.cs: содержит класс формы, которая по умолчанию запускается при старте приложения

• Form1.Designer.cs: он содержит определение компонентов формы, добавленных
  на форму в графическом дизайнере (графический дизайнер Windows Forms на данный момент официально доступен только в Visual Studio)

• Program.cs: определяет класс Program, который запускается при старте приложения и запускает форму Form1

Например, посмотрим на содержимое файла helloapp.csproj

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>WinExe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net7.0-windows</TargetFramework>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
    <UseWindowsForms>true</UseWindowsForms>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
  </PropertyGroup>

</Project>

Для компиляции приложения Windows Forms указаны следующие настройки:

• OutputType: определяет выходной тип проекта. Должен иметь значение WinExe — то есть выполняемое приложение с
  расширением exe под Windows

• TargetFramework: определяет применяемую для компиляции версию фреймворка .NET. Поскольку при создании проекта
  была выбрана версия .NET 7, а сам проект зависит от компонентов Windows, то здесь должно быть значение net7.0-windows

• Nullable: подключает в проект функционалность ссылочных nullable-типов

• UseWindowsForms: указывает, будет ли проект использовать Windows Forms (для этого устанавливается значение true)

• ImplicitUsings: подключает в проект функциональность неявно подключаемых глобальных пространств имен

Запуск проекта

Проект по умолчанию не представляет какой-то грандиозной функциональности, тем не менее этот проект мы уже можем запустить. Итак, запустим проект. Для этого выполним команду

При запуске запускается графическая форма, код которой определяет класс Form1:

Запуск приложения

Файл Program.cs определяет точку входа в приложение:

namespace helloapp;

static class Program
{
    [STAThread]
    static void Main()
    {
        ApplicationConfiguration.Initialize();
        Application.Run(new Form1());
    }    
}

Метод Main снабжен атрибутом [STAThread]. Этот атрибут, грубого говоря,
необходим для корректной работы компонентов Windows. В самом методе сначала вызывается метод

ApplicationConfiguration.Initialize()

который устанавливает некоторую базовую конфигурацию приложения

Затем вызывается метод

Application.Run(new Form1());

в который передается объект отображаемой по умолчанию на экране формы.

То есть, когда мы запустим приложение, сработает метод Main, в котором будет вызван метод Application.Run(new Form1()),
благодаря чему мы увидим форму Form1 на экране.

Определение формы

Теперь посмотрим на определение формы и немного изменим его. Для этого откроем файл Form1.cs в текстовом редакторе. По умолчанию он выглядит следующим образом:

namespace helloapp;

public partial class Form1 : Form
{
    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }
}

Класс формы — Form1 представляет графическую форму — фактически то окно, которое мы увидим на экране при запуске проекта.

Этот класс определяется как частичный (с модификатором partial) и наследуется от встроенного класса Form,
который содержит базовую функциональность форм.

В самом классе Form1 определен по умолчанию только конструктор, где вызывается метод InitializeComponent(), который выполняет инициализацию компонентов формы из файла дизайнера
Form1.Designer.cs. По сути именно код этого файла передается выше через вызов InitializeComponent()

Теперь изменим его код следующим образом:

namespace helloapp;

public partial class Form1 : Form
{
    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
        // определяем кнопку
        Button button = new Button();
        // текст кнопки
        button.Text ="Click";
        // положение кнопки
        button.Location = new Point(50, 50);
        // размер кнопки
        button.Size = new Size { Width = 80, Height = 30 };
        // обработчик нажатия кнопки
        button.Click += (o, e) => MessageBox.Show("Hello METANIT.COM!");
        // добавление кнопки на форму
        this.Controls.Add(button);
    }
}

В данном случае на форму добавляется кнопка, и у нее настраиваются различные свойства, как текст, положение на форме, размер, а также обработчик нажатия.
Заново запустим проект, и нам отобразится та же форма, которая теперь будет содержать кнопку. И по нажатию на кнопку появится маленькое окно с сообщением.

10 апреля 2020

Время чтения: 5 минут

#include "Form1.h"

#include <Windows.h>

using namespace имя_вашего_проекта;

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int) {
    Application::EnableVisualStyles();
    Application::SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
    Application::Run(gcnew Form1);
    return 0;
}

In Visual Studio up to version 2010, Templates for Windows Forms projects are pre-installed, but not as of Visual Studio 2012. For these newer versions of Visual Studio you have to install an extension.

This tutorial is for Visual Studio 2022, but applies essentially the same to other versions of Visual Studio (2019, 2017, 2015 and earlier).

Installing the extension for Windows Forms projects with C++

This extension is installed in Visual Studio 2022 under Extensions|Manage Extensions

After clicking Download at “C++ Windows Forms for Visual Studio 2022 .NET Framework”

and closing Visual Studio you get the message

Click Modify to install the extension.

After the next start of Visual Studio under File|New|Project you will find the CppCLR_WinformsProject template:

With this template you can create Windows Forms projects written in C++. Such a project creates a Windows application with a graphical user interface (buttons, menus, etc.), for example:

Standard C++ (including almost all extensions of C++11, C++14, C++17) is used as programming language for the business logic. Only for accessing Windows controls C++/CLI is necessary. This is a simple C++ dialect for the .NET Framework.

The book „C++ mit Visual Studio 2019 und Windows Forms-Anwendungen“

The following is a brief excerpt from my book (in German)

which is still up to date with Visual Studio 2022. All examples and projects can be created and compiled in Visual Studio 2022 as in Visual Studio 2019.

Installing Visual Studio for Windows Forms Projects

In order to create Windows Forms projects in Visual Studio, particular components must be installed during the installation of Visual Studio. If this was forgotten during the installation, start the Visual Studio Installer either under Windows|Start

or in Visual Studio under File|New|Project|Create new project (at the end of the project list)

In the installer, check .NET desktop development, desktop development with C++ and C++/CLI support:

Create a Windows Forms project

After restarting Visual Studio, Windows Forms projects are available under Create New Project or File|New|Project:

Click the Next button. Then you will be prompted to enter the name of the project and a directory:

After clicking the Create button, Visual Studio looks something like this:

If you now click on Form1.h in the Solution Explorer, the form is displayed:

Normally, everything is done and you can continue with the next section. However, if you get something like this

you have clicked Form1.h too fast. Close this window

and click again on Form1.h in the Solution Explorer.

Visual Programming: A first small program

Now, before we get started with our first little program, let’s rearrange Visual Studio a bit to make it easier to use.

After installing Visual Studio, the Toolbox is offered at the left margin.

To prevent the toolbox from covering the form, drag the toolbox to the frame with the Solution Explorer (press the left mouse button on the title bar of the toolbox, then move to the title bar of the Solution Explorer with the mouse button pressed and release the mouse button).

Drag the properties window analogously to the Solution Explorer.

Since we initially only need the Toolbox, Solution Explorer and Properties window, you can close all other windows here (e.g. Git Explorer, etc.). Then the right frame looks something like this:

With the Windows Forms project from Section 1.4, Visual Studio then looks like this:

Next, we will now write a first small program.

The form (here Form1) is the starting point for all Windows Forms applications. It corresponds to the window that is displayed when the program is started:

Controls from the Toolbox can be placed on a form. The Toolbox contains essentially all the controls commonly used in Windows. They are located in various groups (e.g. General Controls, Containers, etc.), which can be expanded and collapsed. Most of these controls (such as a button) are displayed on the form while the program is running. If you stop with the mouse pointer briefly on a line of the toolbox, a small hint appears with a short description:

To place an element from the toolbox on the form, simply drag it from the toolbox onto the form. Or click on it in the toolbox first and then click on the position in the form where you want the upper left corner to be.

Example:    After placing a Label (line seven in Common Controls, with the capital A), a TextBox (fourth line from the bottom, labelled ab) and a Button (second line labelled ab) on the form, it looks something like this:

By playing around like this, you have already created a real Windows program – not a particularly useful one, but still. You can start it as follows:

• with Debug|Start Debugging from the menu, or
• with F5 from any window in Visual Studio or
• by starting the exe file generated by the compiler.

This program already has many features that you would expect from a Windows program: You can move it with the mouse, resize and close it.

Do not forget to close your program before you continue editing it. As long as the program is still running, you cannot restart the compiler or modify the form.

This way of programming is called visual programming. While conventional programming means developing a program solely by writing instructions (text) in a programming language, visual programming means composing it wholly or in part from out-of-the-box graphical controls.

With Visual Studio, the user interface of a Windows Forms program can be designed visually. This allows you to see how the program will look later at runtime as soon as you design it. The instructions that are to take place as a response to user input (mouse clicks, etc.), on the other hand, are written conventionally in a programming language (e.g. C++).

The Properties Window

The control that was clicked last on a form (or in the pull-down menu of the Properties window) is called the currently selected control. You can identify it by the small squares on its edges, the so-called drag handles. You can drag them with the mouse to change to resize the control. A form becomes the currently selected control by clicking on a free position in the form.

Example:    In the last example, button1 is the currently selected control.

In the Properties window (context menu of the control on the form, or View|Properties window – do not confuse with View|Property pages).

the properties of the currently selected control are displayed. The left column contains the names and the right column contains the values of the properties. With F1 you get a description of the property.

The value of a property can be changed via the right column. For some properties, you can type the new value using the keyboard. For others, after clicking on the right column, a small triangle is displayed for a pull-down menu, through which a value can be selected. Or an icon with three dots „…“ is displayed, which can be used to enter values.

Example:

• For the Text property, you can enter a text with the keyboard. For a button this text is the inscription on the button (e.g. „OK“), and for a form the title line (e.g. „My first C++ program“).
• For the BackColor property (e.g. from a button) you can select the background color via a pull-down menu.
• If you click the right column of the Font property and then the „…“ icon, you can select the font of the Text property.

A control on the form is not only adjusted to its properties in the Properties panel, but also vice versa: if you resize it by dragging the drag handles on the form, the values of the corresponding properties (Location and Size in the Layout section) in the Properties panel are automatically updated.

First steps in C++

Next, the program from Section 1.5 is to be extended so that instructions are executed in response to user input (e.g., a button click).

Windows programs can receive user input in the form of mouse clicks or keyboard input. All inputs are received centrally by Windows and passed on to the program. This triggers a so-called event in the program.

Such an event can be assigned a function that is called when the event occurs. This function is also called an event handler.

For the time being, our program should only react to the clicking of a button. The easiest way to get the function called for this event is to double-click on the button in the form. The cursor is then placed at the beginning of the function. This causes Visual Studio to generate the following function and display it in the editor:

Between the curly brackets „{“ and „}“ you then write the statements to be executed when the Click event occurs.

Essentially all instructions of C++ are possible here. In the context of this simple tutorial, only some elementary instructions are to be introduced, which is necessary for the basic understanding of Visual Studio. If terms like „variables“ etc. are new to you, read on anyway – from the context you will surely get an intuitive idea which is sufficient for the time being.

A frequently used instruction in programming is the assignment (with the operator „=“), which is used to assign a value to a variable. Initially, only those properties of controls that are also displayed in the properties window are to be used as variables. These variables can then be assigned the values that are also offered in the properties window in the right column of the properties.

For the BackColor property, the allowed values are offered after the pull-down menu is expanded:

These values can be used in the program by specifying them after Color::. If you now write the statement

textBox1->BackColor = Color::Yellow;

between the curly brackets

private: System::Void button1_Click(System::Object^  sender, System::EventArgs^  e)
{
 textBox1->BackColor = Color::Yellow;
}

the BackColor property of textBox1 gets the value Color::Yellow, which stands for the color yellow, when button1 is clicked during the execution of the program. If you now start the program with F5 and then click button1, the TextBox actually gets the background color yellow.

Even if this program is not yet much more useful than the first one, you have seen how Visual Studio is used to develop applications for Windows. This development process always consists of the following activities:

1. You design the user interface by placing controls from the Toolbox on the form (drag and drop) and adjusting their properties in the Properties window or the layout with the mouse (visual programming).
2. You write in C++ the instructions that should be done in response to user input (non-visual programming).
3. You start the program and test whether it really behaves as it should.

The period of program development (activities 1. and 2.) is called design time. In contrast, the time during which a program runs is called the runtime of a program.

A simple Winforms application

Next, a simple Winforms application is to be created based on the previous explanations. It contains a button and TextBoxes for input and output:

However, you do not have to create this project yourself. If you install the Visual Studio extension

a project template with exactly this project is available in Visual Studio:

You can use this project as a basis for many applications by adding more controls and functions.

The main purpose of this project is to show how the application logic is separated from the user interface:

• The functions, classes, etc. of the application logic are written in standard C++ and are contained in a header file that is added to the project.
• The instructions for the user interface, on the other hand, are written primarily in C++/CLI and are often included in the form class in Form1..
• The functions of the header file are called when clicking a button.

The following is a simplified version of chapter 2.11 from my book „C++ mit Visual Studio 2019 und Windows Forms-Anwendungen“. There I recommend such a project for the solutions of the exercises. In the header file of such a project you can include the solutions of several exercises or distribute them to different header files. For each subtask you can put a button (or menu options) on the form. This way you don’t have to create a new project for each subtask.

Of course, outsourcing your own instructions to an extra file (as in 3.) and accessing the controls via function parameters is somewhat cumbersome: however, it leads to clearer programs than if all instructions are located in the form file within the Form1 class. This saves many programming errors that lead to obscure error messages, and makes it easier to search for errors.

1. Create the project

Create a new project with File|New|Project|CppCLR_WinformsProject (see section 1.1).

The following examples assume a project named CppCLR_Winforms_GUI.

2. Design the user interface (the form)

The form is then designed to contain all the controls needed to input and output information and start actions. This is done by dragging appropriate controls from the toolbox onto the form.

For many projects (e.g. the exercises from my book) the following controls are sufficient:

• A multiline TextBox (see Section 2.3.2 of my book) to display the results.
• A single-line TextBox for entering data
• One or more buttons (or menu options, etc.) to start the instructions

A TextBox becomes multiline TextBox by the value true of the MultiLine property. The TextBox for output is to be named out_textBox:

The TextBox for entering data will be named in_textBox:

Since the function plus_1 is called when the button is clicked, it is given the caption „plus 1“ and the name button_plus1:

The functions, declarations, classes etc. of the so-called application logic are placed in a separate header file, which is added to the project with Project|Add new element|Visual C++|Code as header file(.h) with the name Header1.h. In practice, however, you should group functions and classes that belong together conceptually in a header file, and then give the header file a more meaningful name than Header.h.

The application logic is then included in the header file. These are mostly functions, classes, etc. written in C++. In our first example, this should be a function with the name plus_1, which returns the value of the argument increased by 1:

In a C++ Windows Forms project, the application logic consists primarily of functions, classes, etc. written in C++, without C++/CLI language elements. In our first example, this should be a function named plus_1, which returns the value of the argument incremented by 1:

int plus_1(int x)
{
  return x + 1;
}

Diese Datei wird dann vor dem namespace des Projekts mit einer #include-Anweisung in die Formulardatei (z.B. Form1.h) aufgenommen:

This file is then included in the form file (e.g. Form1.h) before the namespace of the project with an #include statement:

#pragma once
#include "Header1.h" // <-- manuell einfügen. nach dem Eintippen von 
                     // "#include " bietet Visual Studio die Datei an.
namespace CppCLRWinFormsProject {
  using namespace System;
    ...
}

4. Calling the functions

By double-clicking the button on the form, Visual Studio creates the function (the event handler) that will be called when the button is clicked when the program is running:

private: System::Void button_plus_1_Click(System::Object^ sender, System::EventArgs^ e) 
{
}

In this event handler you then call the corresponding function. In this simple tutorial this is the function plus_1 from the file Header.h.

• If this function uses user input, you read it in via a TextBox. In this simple tutorial, it will be a number that is read from the in_TextBox.
• If a parameter of the called function does not have type String (the type of the property in_textBox->Text), the string must be converted to the type of the parameter. This is possible with one of the Convert:: functions.
• The results are to be displayed in the out_textBox. This can be done with the function out_textBox->AppendText. The string that AppendText expects can be created with String::Format. In the first argument (a string) you specify {0} for the first value after the string, {1} for the second and so on.

private: System::Void button_plus_1_Click(System::Object^ sender, System::EventArgs^ e) 
{
int n = Convert::ToInt32(in_textBox->Text);
int result = plus_1(n);
out_textBox->AppendText(String::Format("plus_1({0})={1}\r\n",n,result));
}

If you enter a number in the input field after starting this program with F5 and then click on the button, the value incremented by 1 is displayed in the output text box:

For each further function whose result is to be displayed, a button is placed on the form and given a suitable name (Name property) and a suitable label (Text property). This function is then called in the associated event handler.

With this all relevant parts of the ??? CppCLR_Winforms_GUI are presented. You can enhance it as you like with additional controls (buttons, menus, etc.). See chapter 2 of my book for more information.

5. GUI and application logic not so strictly separated

In the version created under 1. to 4. the application logic is strictly separated from the user interface: The access to the user interface with C++/CLI is exclusively done in Form1.h. In Header1.h, however, only standard C++ is used. This has in particular the advantage that one can use this header also in other platforms (e.g. console applications, Qt, Mac).

However, in the early stages of a project, when there is still a lot of experimenting going on, it can be a bit cumbersome if you have to change the calls in another file every time you change a parameter list. And for applications that are not intended to be used for other platforms at all, this strict separation doesn’t help much. This often applies to exercise tasks as well.

This jumping back and forth between different files can be avoided by relaxing the strict separation between the application logic and the user interface by including access to the controls in the header file as well.

Accessing controls in a header file is enabled by inserting

using namespace System;
using namespace System::Windows::Forms;

into the header file at the beginning. Then you can also use the types of the controls in the header file (e.g. as parameters) and include the statements that were in the buttonClick function in Form1.h under 4.

This procedure is implemented in the Header2.h file:

#pragma once
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Windows::Forms;

int plus_2(int x)
{
  return x + 2;
}

void plus_2_Click(TextBox^ in_textBox, TextBox^ out_textBox)
{
int n = Convert::ToInt32(in_textBox->Text);
int result = plus_2(n);
out_textBox->AppendText(String::Format("plus_2({0})={1}\r\n", n, result));
}

Here you pass a parameter for the control to the function. Please note that you must specify a ^ after the name of a .NET type (e.g. TextBox, Button). In the function you then address the control under the name of the parameter.

This function can be called when a button is clicked:

private: System::Void button_plus_1_Click(System::Object^ sender, System::EventArgs^ e) 
{
plus_2_Click(in_textBox, out_textBox);
}

6. Analogy to console applications

Comparing of this Windows Forms project with a corresponding console application shows the analogy of the two types of projects. This analogy shows how to convert a console application into a forms application: If you have a console program like

#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int n;
std::cin >> n;
int result = plus_2(n);
std::cout << "plus_2(" << n << ") = " << result << std::endl;
return 0;
}

you can port it to a form application with relatively little effort. You just need to replace the I/O statements and call the functions in response to a ButtonClick, etc:

private: System::Void button_plus_1_Click(System::Object^ sender, System::EventArgs^ e) 
{
int n = Convert::ToInt32(in_textBox->Text);
int result = plus_1(n);
out_textBox->AppendText(String::Format("plus_1({0})={1}\r\n",n,result));
}

Excerpt from the preface to my book „C++ mit Visual Studio 2019 und Windows Forms-Anwendungen“

The preface to my book (in German)

teaches C++ with Windows Forms applications in more detail.

Preface

The starting point for this book was the desire for a C++ textbook in which programs for a graphical user interface (Windows) are developed from the beginning, and not console applications as is usually the case. Programs in which inputs and outputs are done via a console are like stone-aged DOS programs for many beginners and discourage them from wanting to deal with C++ at all.

Windows Forms applications are an ideal framework for C++ programs with an attractive user interface: access to Windows controls (Buttons, TextBoxes etc.) is easy. The difference to a standard C++ program is mostly only that inputs and outputs are done via a Windows control (mostly a TextBox)

textBox1->AppendText(„Hello World“);

while in standard C++ the console is used with cout:

cout << "Hello world" << endl;

But not only students can benefit from C++ with a graphical user interface. With Windows Forms projects, existing C or C++ programs can be enhanced with a graphical user interface without much effort. And those who know C or C++ and do not want to learn a new language for a GUI can make their existing programs more beautiful and easier to use with simple means.

C++ has developed rapidly in recent years: The innovations of C++11, C++14, C++17 and C++20 have brought many improvements and new possibilities. Much of what was good and recommended in 2010 can be made better and safer today.

As a book author and trainer who has accompanied this whole evolution, you notice this particularly clearly: many things that have been written in the past should be done differently today. True, it would still be compiled. But it is no longer modern C++, which corresponds to the current state of the art and uses all the advantages.

This book introduces C++ at the Visual Studio 2019 level in May 2020. This is the scope of C++17.