Certbot windows как получить сертификат

Получение бесплатного SSL сертификата Let’s Encrypt

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Тематические термины: Let’s Encrypt, CentOS, Ubuntu

Процесс в данной статье описан на примере систем Linux CentOS, Ubuntu (Debian) и Windows. Настройка выполняется в несколько шагов.

Условия получения
Проверка права на домен
    Используя веб-сервер
    С помощью NS
Установка утилиты для запроса сертификата
    Certbot (Linux)
    LetsEncrypt-Win-Simple (Windows)
Получение сертификата вручную
    На Linux
    На Windows
Автоматическое продление
    Linux
    Windows
Получение Wildcard
Полезные команды
Экспорт сертификатов в Windows с закрытым ключом
Let’s Encrypt для Exchange

Возможные ошибки
Читайте также

Условия получения бесплатного сертификата от Let’s Encrypt

Прежде чем начать, необходимо знать о некоторых нюансах получения сертификата Let’s Encrypt:

  • При запросе выполняется проверка домена. Для этого необходимо:
    1. либо создать TXT-запись в DNS.
    2. либо поднять веб-сервер, далее в его корне создается каталог .well-known, а в нем файл с произвольным названием. После корневой центр отправляет запрос серверу на загрузку данного файла и, в случае успеха, выдает сертификаты для указанного доменного имени.
  • SSL-сертификат выдается на 90 дней, поэтому необходимо по расписанию запускать команду на автоматическое продление ключа. Когда проходит 60 дней после начала использования нового сертификата, центр Let’s Encrypt может выдать новый.
  • Если выполнять запрос для домена 3 уровня и выше, он должен пройти DNS проверку на всех уровнях. Например, домен layer3.layer2.com должен отвечать на запросы как для layer3.layer2.com, так и для layer2.com.

Проверка домена

Как было сказано выше, для получения бесплатного сертификата, Let’s Encrypt должен удостовериться, что мы являемся владельцем домена. Свое право на его владение мы можем подтвердить, создав специальную TXT-запись или настроив веб-сервис, который будет отвечать на запросы.

Настройка веб-сервера

Данный способ немного сложнее для Linux (для Windows все настройки делает утилита автоматически), но позволяет без проблем настроить автоматическое продление.

Запрашивать сертификат Let’s Encrypt проще всего с веб-сервера, на котором запущен сайт для домена. Возможен альтернативный вариант с монтирование сетевой папки, но его рассматривать не будем.

Linux NGINX

Пример простого конфигурационного файла для NGINX:

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  dmosk.ru;
    root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
}

* где dmosk.ru — домен, для которого работает сайт и для которого мы будем запрашивать сертификат; /usr/share/nginx/html — путь по умолчанию для nginx.

Если сервер уже используется для сайта, в секцию server добавляем:

location ~ /.well-known {
    root /usr/share/nginx/html;
    allow all;
}

* данными строчками мы говорим, что для всех запросов после /.well-known необходимо отдавать скрипты из каталога /usr/share/nginx/htmlallow all предоставляет доступ всем.

При необходимости выполнять проверку и использовать rewrite/return, добавляем что-то подобное:

    …
    location ~ /.well-known {
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        allow all;
    }
    if ($uri !~ /.well-known){
        return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
    }

После проверяем конфигурацию и перезапускаем nginx:

nginx -t && nginx -s reload

Linux Apache

Создаем общий конфигурационный файл, в котором пропишем алиас.

а) для CentOS:

vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/lets.conf

б) для Ubuntu / Debian:

vi /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/lets.conf

Со следующим содержимым:

Alias /.well-known/acme-challenge/ /var/www/html/.well-known/acme-challenge/

* в данном примере, запросы для страниц /.well-known/acme-challenge всех сайтов мы переводим в каталог /var/www/html/.well-known/acme-challenge.

Проверяем корректность конфигурационного файла:

apachectl configtest

И перезапускаем apache:

systemctl restart httpd || systemctl restart apache2

Windows

IIS должен отвечать на http-запрос до доменному имени, для которого мы планируем получить сертификат. Также в его настройках мы должны сделать привязку узла, для которого хотим получить сертификат к конкретному сайту. Для этого в консоли управления IIS раскрываем сайты и выбираем нужный нам (в данном примере, он всего один):

Выбираем сайт в консоли IIS

В меню справа кликаем по Привязки:

Переходим к настройкам привязок сайта

Изменяем привязку для имеющийся записи и, при необходимости, добавляем еще:

Настраиваем привязки сайта

Применяем настройки и закрываем консоль управления IIS.

С помощью записи в DNS

Данный метод проще, описанного выше, но он позволит настроить автоматическое продление сертификата только для некоторых DNS, для которых есть отдельные certbot-плагины. Поэтому данный способ, в большинстве случаев, будет удобен для проведения тестов.

У нас должна быть возможность управления записями в DNS. На данном этапе достаточно просто зайти в панель управления DNS и перейти к этапу получения сертификата (ниже по тексту). Если домен новый и был только-что делегирован на DNS, возможно, придется подождать, пока он не станет доступен для всех серверов DNS в глобальной сети.

Установка утилиты для получения сертификата

Certbot для Linux

1) Rocky Linux:

dnf install epel-release

dnf install certbot

2) на CentOS 8:

dnf —enablerepo=powertools install certbot

3) на CentOS 7:

yum install certbot

4) на Ubuntu 16.04 и выше, а также Debian:

apt update

apt install certbot

5) Astra Linux:

Для астры не нашел репозитория установки certbot, но есть решение хоть и не красивое, но рабочее.

Загружаем deb-файлы для debian 10:

wget http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/pool/main/p/python-certbot/certbot_0.31.0-1+deb10u1_all.deb

wget http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/pool/main/p/python-certbot/python3-certbot_0.31.0-1+deb10u1_all.deb

Пробуем установить python3-certbot:

dpkg -i python3-certbot_0.31.0-1+deb10u1_all.deb

Если мы получим ошибку зависимостей, например:

dpkg: зависимости пакетов не позволяют настроить пакет python3-certbot:
 python3-certbot зависит от python3-acme (>= 0.29.0~), однако:
  Пакет python3-acme не установлен.
 python3-certbot зависит от python3-configargparse (>= 0.10.0), однако:
  Пакет python3-configargparse не установлен.
 python3-certbot зависит от python3-josepy, однако…

… выполняем команду:

apt install -f

Также мы можем посмотреть список зависимостей командой:

dpkg -I python3-certbot_0.31.0-1+deb10u1_all.deb

Будет выполнена установка зависимостей. После устанавливаем скачанные пакеты:

dpkg -i python3-certbot_0.31.0-1+deb10u1_all.deb

dpkg -i certbot_0.31.0-1+deb10u1_all.deb

6) на CentOS 6 или Ubuntu 14.04 / 12.04:

Создадим каталог, в котором будет храниться утилита и переходим в него:

mkdir /opt/certbot

cd /opt/certbot

Загружаем утилиту и разрешаем ее запуск:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/certbot/certbot/7f0fa18c570942238a7de73ed99945c3710408b4/letsencrypt-auto-source/letsencrypt-auto -O /opt/certbot/letsencrypt-auto

chmod a+x ./letsencrypt-auto

Для удобства, делаем симлинк:

ln -s /opt/certbot/letsencrypt-auto /usr/local/sbin/certbot

Запустим команду:

certbot

При первом запуске certbot он автоматически предложит доустановить необходимые зависимости — соглашаемся.

LetsEncrypt-Win-Simple для Windows

На сайте GitHub скачиваем win-acme pluggable для нужной разрядности операционной системы:

Скачиваем win-acme pluggable для Windows x32 или x64

Раcпаковываем скачанный архив в любую папку.

Первое получение сертификата

Linux

1. Если мы подтверждаем право на домен при помощи веб-сервера, выполняем команду с таким синтаксисом:

certbot certonly —webroot —agree-tos —email <почта администратора домена> —webroot-path <путь до каталога с файлами проверки> -d <домен 1> -d <домен 2> -d …

* где:

  • certonly — запрос нового сертификата;
  • webroot — проверка будет выполняться на основе запроса к корню сайта;
  • agree-tos — даем согласие на лицензионное соглашение;
  • email — почтовый адрес администратора домена;
  • webroot-path — каталог в системе Linux, который является корневым для сайта;
  • d — перечисление доменов, для которых запрашиваем сертификат.

а) Пример запроса при использовании веб-сервера NGINX:

certbot certonly —webroot —agree-tos —email postmaster@dmosk.ru —webroot-path /usr/share/nginx/html/ -d dmosk.ru -d www.dmosk.ru

б) Пример запроса при использовании веб-сервера Apache:

certbot certonly —webroot —agree-tos —email postmaster@dmosk.ru —webroot-path /var/www/html/ -d dmosk.ru -d www.dmosk.ru

После успешного выполнения команды, сертификаты будут созданы в каталоге /etc/letsencrypt/archive/dmosk.ru, а также симлинки на них в каталоге /etc/letsencrypt/live/dmosk.ru. При настройке приложений, стоит указывать пути до симлинков, так как при обновлении файлы в первом каталоге будут меняться, во втором — нет. Публичный ключ будет с именем cert.pem, а приватный — privkey.pem.

2. При подтверждении права на домен с TXT-записью:

certbot certonly —manual —agree-tos —email postmaster@dmosk.ru —preferred-challenges=dns -d dmosk.ru -d www.dmosk.ru

* где:

  • certonly — запрос нового сертификата;
  • manual — проверка домена вручную.
  • preferred-challenges — указывает метод проверки домена.
  • agree-tos — даем согласие на лицензионное соглашение;
  • email — почтовый адрес администратора домена;
  • d — перечисление доменов, для которых запрашиваем сертификат.

На запрос подтверждения отвечаем Y — система выдаст что-то на подобие:

Please deploy a DNS TXT record under the name
_acme-challenge.dmosk.ru with the following value:

W2SC9b88y2j2oUjhxVgS7Bphph9g5PqhkBq9KiWkLTm

Once this is deployed,

* Данное сообщение говорит, что мы должны создать TXT-запись _acme-challenge.dmosk.ru со значением W2SC9b88y2j2oUjhxVgS7Bphph9g5PqhkBq9KiWkLTm.

Создаем соответствующую запись в панели управления DNS, и в консоли сервера нажимаем Enter для продолжения. Если, как в данном примере, мы запрашиваем сертификат для нескольких узлов, повторяем действия.

Windows

Открываем командную строку от администратора и переходим в распакованный каталог. Например, если архив распакован на диск C, выполняем:

cd C:\win-acme.v2.1.6.773.x64.pluggable

* где 2.1.6.773.x64 — моя версия утилиты.

Запускаем wacs:

wacs.exe

Если запускаем в Powershel, то так:

.\wacs.exe

Утилита формирует бинарный сертификат для Windows, но если мы хотим получить файлы в формате pem, вводим:

wacs.exe —store pemfiles —pemfilespath C:\Certificates

* где pemfilespath — путь до каталога, в котором должны оказаться файлы сертификата.

Откроется меню с выбором действия — вводим N, чтобы создать новый сертификат:

Начальная меню win-acme

Обратите внимание, что в зависимости от версии win-acme, некоторые пункты могут отличаться. Внимательно просмотрите варианты.

Выбираем сайт в IIS, который отвечает на запросы нашего домена (в нашем случае, это единственный Default Web Site, то есть 1):

Выбираем сайт для которого хотим получить сертификат

Если для сайта создано несколько привязок, выбираем 3, чтобы создать сертификаты для всех:

Выбираем все привязки

Вводим email адрес и подтверждаем корректность данных:

Вводим почтовый адрес для уведомлений

Утилита создаст необходимый каталог для проверки домена, запросит проверку, получит сертификат, добавит привязку к сайту по 443 порту с добавлением полученного сертификата и создаст в планировщике задание на автоматическое продление сертификата.

Автоматическое продление

Утилита certbot позволяет выполнить обновление сертификата в автоматическом режиме. В зависимости от операционной системы, инструменты различаются.

Linux

Смотрим полный путь до скрипта certbot:

which certbot

Открываем на редактирование cron и добавляем следующее:

crontab -e

Если система вернет ошибку crontab: command not found, устанавливаем пакет cron и запускаем сервис.

а) Для deb-систем:

apt install cron

systemctl start cron

systemctl enable cron

б) Для rpm-систем:

yum install cronie

systemctl start crond

systemctl enable crond

Прописываем строки в зависимости от нашей системы Linux.

а) для Ubuntu / Debian / Rocky Linux:

0 0 * * 1,4 /usr/bin/certbot renew —noninteractive

б) для CentOS:

0 0 * * 1,4 /bin/certbot renew —noninteractive

* в данном примере проверка и продление сертификата будет выполняться по понедельникам и четвергам (1,4) в 00:00. /usr/bin/certbot или /bin/certbot — путь, который мне выдала команда which certbot.

Команда certbot renew проверяет для всех наших сертификатов срок окончания, и если осталось менее 30 дней, запрашивает новый, сохраняет его в каталоге /etc/letsencrypt/archive/<домен> и обновляет симлинк.

Стоит иметь ввиду, что многие приложения, использующие сертификат, потребуют перезапуска, чтобы перечитать его. Поэтому хорошей идеей будет не просто обновлять сертификат, но и перезапускать сервис, который использует сертификат. Например, для NGINX:

systemctl reload nginx

Однако, нам нужно, чтобы это происходило автоматически. Для этого открываем файл:

vi /etc/letsencrypt/cli.ini

И добавляем строку:


deploy-hook = systemctl reload nginx

Windows

Настройка задания на автоматическое продление создается при получении сертификата. Проверить задание можно в планировщике заданий Windows:

Задание в планировщике Windows для автоматического продления сертификата

Wildcard

С марта 2018 года появилась возможность получить бесплатный сертификат на все поддомены, например, mail.dmosk.ru, test.dmosk.ru, admin.dmosk.ru (*.dmosk.ru).

Особенности получения Wildcard от Let’s Encrypt:

  1. Подтвердить право использования доменом можно только с помощью DNS — таким образом, затрудняется процесс автоматического продления. Нужно использовать плагины, которые позволяют автоматически создавать нужную запись на DNS, но они доступны далеко не для всех поставщиков услуг DNS. В противном случае, обновлять Wildcard нужно вручную.
    Также, некоторые панели управления хостингом, например ISP Manager с версии 5 могут управлять процессом получения Wildcard от Let’s Encrypt с возможностью автоматического продления (но необходимо, чтобы домен обслуживался на данном хостинге).
  2. Время действия сертификата также ограничено 3 месяцами.

Certbot

Необходимо, чтобы версия утилиты certbot была 0.22.0 и выше. Проверить текущую версию можно командой:

certbot —version

… если версия ниже, обновляем ее командами:

а) для CentOS / Red Hat:

yum update certbot

б) для Ubuntu / Debian: 

apt update

apt install —only-upgrade certbot

Процесс получения

Процесс очень похож на процесс получения сертификата с подтверждением домена в DNS.

Вводим команду:

certbot certonly —manual —agree-tos —email master@dmosk.ru —server https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory —preferred-challenges=dns -d dmosk.ru -d *.dmosk.ru

* обратим внимание на 2 детали: 1) мы добавили опцию server, чтобы указать, на каком сервере Let’s Encrypt должна проходить проверка DNS; 2) мы получаем сертификат как для *.dmosk.ru, так и самого dmosk.ru, так как первое не включает второго.

… система попросит создать TXT-запись в DNS, который обслуживает наш домен:

— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Please deploy a DNS TXT record under the name
_acme-challenge.dmosk.ru with the following value:

DN8ovKFJ0leLQV9ofZ81mYKxojwIaed5g6f0bXZCYiI

Before continuing, verify the record is deployed.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

* в данном примере система попросила создать TXT-запись _acme-challenge.dmosk.ru со значением DN8ovKFJ0leLQV9ofZ81mYKxojwIaed5g6f0bXZCYiI.

Заходим в панель управления DNS и создаем нужную запись. Если у нас свой сервер DNS, например, bind, то строка будет такой:

; TXT
_acme-challenge IN      TXT     DN8ovKFJ0leLQV9ofZ81mYKxojwIaed5g6f0bXZCYiI

Не торопимся нажимать Enter — после настройки DNS нужно немного времени (пару минут), чтобы настройка применилась. Проверить появление записи можно командой с рабочего компьютера:

nslookup -type=txt _acme-challenge.dmosk.ru 8.8.8.8

Как только видим, что настройки применились, нажимаем Enter — если это наш первый запрос Wildcard для данного домена, то система нас попросит создать еще одну запись — повторяем процедуру, создав в DNS вторую запись TXT.

Если все сделали правильно, то увидим:

IMPORTANT NOTES:
 — Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
   /etc/letsencrypt/live/dmosk.ru/fullchain.pem
   Your key file has been saved at:
   /etc/letsencrypt/live/dmosk.ru/privkey.pem
   Your cert will expire on 2019-09-05. To obtain a new or tweaked
   version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot
   again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run
   «certbot renew»
 — If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:

   Donating to ISRG / Let’s Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate
   Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le

… сертификат получен.

Полезные команды

Рассмотрим некоторые полезные команды утилиты certbot для работы с сертификатами Let’s Encrypt.

1. Показать группы сертификатов:

certbot certificates

2. Удалить сертификат:

certbot delete dmosk.ru

После получения сертификата мы не сможем экспортировать его с закрытым ключом. Мы можем изменить поведение, открыв файл settings.json в распакованном каталоге win-acme. Находим параметр PrivateKeyExportable и задаем ему значение:

«PrivateKeyExportable»: true,

После обновляем сертификат:

.\wacs.exe —renew —force

Или без обновления сертификата мы можем найти файл .pfx в каталоге: %programdata%\win-acme\$baseuri$\certificates.

Пароль для pfx можно найти в интерактивном меню wacs:

Manage Renewals > Show details

Сертификат Let’s Encrypt для почтового сервера MS Exchange

В комплекте установленного нами LetsEncrypt-Win-Simple для Windows идет скрипт ImportExchange.v2.ps1. Он нужен для импорта сертификата в конфигурацию почтового сервера MS Exchange.

Для начала создадим каталог, куда будет выгружен сертификат. В моем примере я воспользуюсь путем C:\SSL.

Допустим, что адрес подключения к серверу будет exchange.dmosk.ru. Тогда получить сертификат и импортировать его в Exchange можно командой:

wacs.exe —source manual —host exchange.dmosk.ru,autodiscover.dmosk.ru —store centralssl,certificatestore —certificatestore My —acl-fullcontrol «network service,administrators» —centralsslstore «C:\SSL» —installation iis,script  —installationsiteid 1 —script «./Scripts/ImportExchange.v2.ps1» —scriptparameters «‘{CertThumbprint}’ ‘IIS,SMTP,IMAP’ 1 ‘{CacheFile}’ ‘{CachePassword}’ ‘{CertFriendlyName}'»

* данная команда запросит сертификат для узлов exchange.dmosk.ru и autodiscover.dmosk.ru, сохранит нужные файлы в каталоге C:\SSL и импортирует полученные ключи в Microsoft Exchange Server.

Если мы запускаем команду в оболочке PowerShel, клманда должна начинаться с:

.\wacs.exe …

После успешного выполнения команды, заходим в консоль управления сервером, переходим на вкладку управления сертификатами. В списке мы должны увидеть полученную последовательность от Let’s Encrypt. Кликаем по ней и назначаем сертификат для нужных служб Exchange (как правило, SMTP, IIS).

Возможные ошибки

Рассмотрим некоторые ошибки, с которыми мы можем столкнуться.

Missing command line flag or config entry for this setting

Ошибка появляется при попытке обновить сертификат для одного или нескольких доменов.

Причина: при обновлении сертификата, утилита certbot ищет настройки в конфигурационном файле /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/<имя домена>.conf. Если в данном файле не будет определена конфигурация для webroot_map, мы получим данную ошибку.

Решение:

Открываем конфигурационный файл для домена, например:

vi /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/dmoks.ru.conf

Находим опцию webroot_map (как правило, в самом низу). Либо она будет пустой, либо указывать на неправильный путь. Исправляем это:

dmoks.ru = /usr/share/nginx/html

* мы указываем домен и каталог, в котором будет создаваться проверочный файл.

Пробуем обновить сертификат.

ACMEv1 is deprecated and you can no longer get certificates from this endpoint

Ошибка появляется при попытке запросить или обновить сертификат. Полный текст ошибки:

Attempting to renew cert (xxx) from /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/xxx.conf produced an unexpected error: urn:acme:error:serverInternal :: The server experienced an internal error :: ACMEv1 is deprecated and you can no longer get certificates from this endpoint. Please use the ACMEv2 endpoint, you may need to update your ACME client software to do so. Visit https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/end-of-life-plan-for-acmev1/88430/27 for more information.. Skipping.

Причина: утилита на компьютере устарела. Она пытается использовать API-портал ACMEv1, который больше не поддерживается.

Решение: обновляем утилиту certbot.

а) Для Ubuntu/Debian:

apt update

apt —only-upgrade install certbot

б) Для Rocky Linux/CentOS:

yum update certbot

Читайте также

Другие полезные материалы:

1. Примеры редиректов в NGINX.

2. Настройка Apache + SSL для работы сайта по HTTPS.

To use Certbot, you’ll need…

A laptop


comfort with the

Web browser showing an HTTP site


…and an

that is

with an open

A server


…which is hosted on a

which you can access via

with the ability to



optional if you want a

:

    Windows installation procedure

    Certbot is now officially available for Windows. If you find that Certbot is not the most suitable Let’s Encrypt client application for your use case, there are many other clients written by other organizations and developers that you may be able to use to obtain a certificate from Let’s Encrypt.

  1. Important notes

    This procedure follows the current Certbot implementation for Windows, in particular the fact that it installs as a system component, and requires administrative privileges. These instructions will be updated when a future version of Certbot switches to a different installation method.
    No installers for HTTP servers are supported for now (Certbot for Windows can currently obtain your certificate from Let’s Encrypt, but not install it into your web server application).

  2. Specific Windows system requirements and user knowledge requirements

    • The user needs to be familiar with the command-line interface (CLI), because Certbot is a pure CLI program.
    • The user must use an account with administrative privileges to install and run Certbot.
    • PowerShell and CMD.EXE are supported; both need to be started with elevated privileges before invoking Certbot.
    • Path C:\Certbot must be writable by the current user.
  3. Installation instructions

    1. Connect to the server.
    2. Connect locally or remotely (using Remote Desktop) to the server using an account that has administrative privileges for this machine.
    3. Install Certbot.
    4. Download the latest version of the Certbot installer for Windows at https://github.com/certbot/certbot/releases/latest/download/certbot-beta-installer-win_amd64_signed.exe.
    5. Run the installer and follow the wizard. The installer will propose a default installation directory, C:\Program Files(x86), that can be customized.)
    6. To start a shell for Certbot, select the Start menu, enter cmd (to run CMD.EXE) or powershell (to run PowerShell), and click on “Run as administrator” in the contextual menu that shows up above.
    7. Run Certbot as a shell command.

    To run a command on Certbot, enter the name certbot in the shell, followed by the command and its parameters. For instance, to display the inline help, run:

    C:\WINDOWS\system32> certbot --help
  4. Choose how you’d like to run Certbot

    Are you ok with temporarily stopping your website?

    Yes, my web server is not currently running on this machine.

    Stop your webserver, then run this command to get a certificate. Certbot will temporarily spin up a webserver on your machine.

    C:\WINDOWS\system32> certbot certonly --standalone

    No, I need to keep my web server running.

    If you have a webserver that’s already using port 80 and don’t want to stop it while Certbot runs, run this command and follow the instructions in the terminal.

    C:\WINDOWS\system32> certbot certonly --webroot
  5. Test automatic renewal

    The Certbot installation on your system comes with a pre-installed Scheduled Task that will renew your certificates automatically before they expire. You will not need to run Certbot again, unless you change your configuration. You can test automatic renewal for your certificates by running the command

    C:\WINDOWS\system32> certbot renew --dry-run

    If you needed to stop your webserver to run Certbot (for example, if you used the standalone authenticator on a machine where port 80 is normally in use), you’ll want to edit the built-in command to add the --pre-hook and --post-hook flags to stop and start your webserver automatically. For example, if your webserver is Apache 2.4, add the following to the certbot renew command:

    --pre-hook “net.exe stop Apache2.4” --post-hook “net.exe start Apache2.4”
  6. Confirm that Certbot worked

    To confirm that your site is set up properly, visit https://yourwebsite.com/ in your browser and look for the lock icon in the URL bar.

  7. Note for Windows Apache or Nginx users

    As described in section 5 above, Certbot for Windows currently cannot install the certificate in Apache or Nginx for you. As of the most recent release, you will have to edit your web server application’s configuration to install the certificate yourself after Certbot has obtained it. If this limitation is acceptable to you, please start from the beginning of this document to learn more about installing and using Certbot on Windows.

    Windows installation procedure

    Certbot is now officially available for Windows. If you find that Certbot is not the most suitable Let’s Encrypt client application for your use case, there are many other clients written by other organizations and developers that you may be able to use to obtain a certificate from Let’s Encrypt.

  1. Important notes

    This procedure follows the current Certbot implementation for Windows, in particular the fact that it installs as a system component, and requires administrative privileges. These instructions will be updated when a future version of Certbot switches to a different installation method.
    No installers for HTTP servers are supported for now (Certbot for Windows can currently obtain your certificate from Let’s Encrypt, but not install it into your web server application).

  2. Specific Windows system requirements and user knowledge requirements

    • The user needs to be familiar with the command-line interface (CLI), because Certbot is a pure CLI program.
    • The user must use an account with administrative privileges to install and run Certbot.
    • PowerShell and CMD.EXE are supported; both need to be started with elevated privileges before invoking Certbot.
    • Path C:\Certbot must be writable by the current user.
  3. Installation instructions

    1. Connect to the server.
    2. Connect locally or remotely (using Remote Desktop) to the server using an account that has administrative privileges for this machine.
    3. Install Certbot.
    4. Download the latest version of the Certbot installer for Windows at https://github.com/certbot/certbot/releases/latest/download/certbot-beta-installer-win_amd64_signed.exe.
    5. Run the installer and follow the wizard. The installer will propose a default installation directory, C:\Program Files(x86), that can be customized.)
    6. To start a shell for Certbot, select the Start menu, enter cmd (to run CMD.EXE) or powershell (to run PowerShell), and click on “Run as administrator” in the contextual menu that shows up above.
    7. Run Certbot as a shell command.

    To run a command on Certbot, enter the name certbot in the shell, followed by the command and its parameters. For instance, to display the inline help, run:

    C:\WINDOWS\system32> certbot --help
  4. Test automatic renewal

    The Certbot installation on your system comes with a pre-installed Scheduled Task that will renew your certificates automatically before they expire. You will not need to run Certbot again, unless you change your configuration. You can test automatic renewal for your certificates by running the command

    C:\WINDOWS\system32> certbot renew --dry-run

    If you needed to stop your webserver to run Certbot (for example, if you used the standalone authenticator on a machine where port 80 is normally in use), you’ll want to edit the built-in command to add the --pre-hook and --post-hook flags to stop and start your webserver automatically. For example, if your webserver is Apache 2.4, add the following to the certbot renew command:

    --pre-hook “net.exe stop Apache2.4” --post-hook “net.exe start Apache2.4”
  5. Confirm that Certbot worked

    To confirm that your site is set up properly, visit https://yourwebsite.com/ in your browser and look for the lock icon in the URL bar.

  6. Note for Windows Apache or Nginx users

    As described in section 5 above, Certbot for Windows currently cannot install the certificate in Apache or Nginx for you. As of the most recent release, you will have to edit your web server application’s configuration to install the certificate yourself after Certbot has obtained it. If this limitation is acceptable to you, please start from the beginning of this document to learn more about installing and using Certbot on Windows.

Время на прочтение
3 мин

Количество просмотров 106K

Пришлось искать способ защитить домены в зонах RU, РФ…

Если вам нужен SSL-сертификат, но вы не являетесь специалистом в веб-технологиях, то эта заметка для вас. Описан простой способ выпуска базового SSL-сертификата Let’s Encrypt в ручном режиме, на локальном компьютере с Windows, с помощью приложения Certbot. Этот способ позволяет получить файлы SSL-сертификата в папку на своём локальном компьютере, после чего можно установить сертификат на свой хостинг.

Потребность в SSL-сертификатах возникла у меня в связи с тем, что срок старых истёк, а создать новые оказалось невозможным из-за возникших ограничений на доменные зоны RU и РФ. Если у вас такая же проблема или вам просто надоело искать веб-сервис для выпуска SSL-сертификатов, то эта заметка вам поможет.

Поскольку я пока не знаю наилучшего пути, то ниже просто опишу ту последовательность действий, которую сам выполнил и которая позволила мне создать SSL-сертификаты для десяти своих доменов (в том числе в зонах RU и РФ), а значит и вам этот способ может помочь.

Создание SSL-сертификата на локальном компьютере

  1. Установил на свой локальный компьютер (с операционной системой Windows 11) программу Certbot.

    Установочный файл Certbot взял с официального сайта здесь (см. ссылку на загрузку дистрибутива в п.3 на открывшейся по ссылке странице).

    Запустил скачанный установщик и в диалоге установки изменил адрес установки на: C:\Certbot

Работа с программой Certbot осуществляется через командную строку или PowerShell (я использовал PowerShell). На время выпуска сертификата, естественно, компьютер должен быть подключен к сети Интернет.

  1. Открыл PowerShell (х86) с правами администратора.

    Для этого нажал на кнопку «Пуск» и набирая первые буквы названия PowerShell увидел нужный пункт в результатах поиска, затем правым щелчком мыши по названию найденной программы открыл контекстное меню и в нём выбрал пункт «запуск от имени администратора».

  2. В окне PowerShell с помощью команд cd перешёл в каталог Certbot (вводил как показано на скриншоте и нажимал в конце строки клавишу Enter):

  1. Вставил из буфера обмена команду для создания сертификата (можете скопировать её из этой строки):

    certbot certonly --authenticator manual

    И нажал клавишу Enter.

    Перед нажатием Enter окно PowerShell выглядело с этой командой так:

  1. Система предложила ввести свой email (я ввёл), согласился с условиями (нажимая клавишу Y), в следующий раз программа на этом шаге уже не просила вводить email, а сразу предлагала ввести имена доменов (я вводил сразу по два – второй с www, через запятую):

  1. Программа попросила создать файл проверки прав на домен. При этом показано какую строку символов и в файл с каким именем поместить, по какому адресу на веб-сервере этот файл положить:

Поскольку я вводил по два доменных имени (обычное и с www), то после нажатия Enter программа точно так же просила создать ещё один проверочный файл.

С помощью Filezilla Client я создал нужные файлы по требуемому адресу, создав нужные директории. Выделенный текст из окна PowerShell можно копировать просто правым кликом, или привычным сочетанием клавиш Ctrl+C.

  1. Нажал клавишу Enter для создания сертификата, но только после того, как проверочные файлы на веб-сервере были созданы.

    Система сообщила об успешном создании файлов сертификата, которые я нашёл на своём локальном компьютере, в папке:

    C:\Certbot\archive\[имя домена]

    Если бы сертификат не был создан, то программа сообщила бы об ошибке.

Вот и всё, сертификаты готовы!

Для установки их на хостинг мне потребовались три файла из четырёх, из данной папки:

cert1.pem – сертификат
chain1.pem – промежуточный сертификат
privkey1.pem – приватный ключ

Эти файлы со своего компьютера не удаляйте, поскольку при следующем выпуске сертификатов (их приходится создавать заново каждые 90 дней) Certbot проверит их наличие и создаст рядом новые, со следующим порядковым номером. Для установки на хостинг нужно будет использовать, конечно, новые.

Ограничения

Через каждые 90 дней нужно перевыпускать сертификат заново.

P.S.:

Я ещё не озадачился тем, как автоматизировать описанный выше процесс (мне интересен перевыпуск сертификата именно на локальном компьютере с Windows). Было бы здорово, если бы знающий человек написал в комментариях как это сделать.

Коротко:

  1. Качаем приложение CertBot отсюда под win32
  2. Устанавливаем
  3. Запускаем из командной строки: certbot certonly —manual
  4. Вводим имя сайта, для которого надо выпустить сертификат
  5. На хостинге по FTP или файловым менеджером админки создаем файл по указанному программой пути с указанным содержанием
  6. Всё! (в папке c:\certbot\live будут лежать файлы сертификатов

Теперь осталось установить полученный сертификат — легко сделать через админку вашего хостинга или руками.

Нужно

  • 5-10 минут времени
  • Компьютер под Windows с доступом в интернет и к командной строке с правом установки приложений
  • FTP доступ к сайту

Что НЕ нужно

  • не нужен компьютер под Linux,
  • доступ по SSH не понадобится,
  • без Root доступа обойдемся,
  • ручное управление вебсервером оставим очумелым ручкам,
  • не надо знать операционную систему и вебсервера с сайтом,
  • не нужен выделенный IP.

Дополнительно, если хочется:

Документация по Certbot: https://eff-certbot.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html

Сам сайт CA https://letsencrypt.org/getting-started/

Анализ

По состоянию на май 2022 года бесплатных сертификатов я практически не нашёл:

  • Cloudflare — долго и надо регистрироваться на их DNS
  • ZeroSSL — не работает с зоной RU больше
  • FreeSSL.Space — вообще не работает
  • Comodo — вместо бесплатных на 90 дней выдает теперь только триалку с возможностью возврата денег в 30-дневный период.
  • Globalsign — бесплатные сертификаты только для хостинг провайдеров и регистраторов.
  • SSLforFree — теперь часть ZeroSSL и не работает с зоной RU
  • FreeSSL.org — тоже вроде через ZeroSSL теперь работают

Вывод

Получается на 90 дней — только Let’s Encrypt и очень быстро — за 5 минут!

Получился вот такой сертификат: CN = R3 O = Let’s Encrypt C = US

Certbot Commands¶

Certbot uses a number of different commands (also referred
to as “subcommands”) to request specific actions such as
obtaining, renewing, or revoking certificates. The most important
and commonly-used commands will be discussed throughout this
document; an exhaustive list also appears near the end of the document.

The certbot script on your web server might be named letsencrypt if your system uses an older package. Throughout the docs, whenever you see certbot, swap in the correct name as needed.

Getting certificates (and choosing plugins)¶

Certbot helps you achieve two tasks:

  1. Obtaining a certificate: automatically performing the required authentication steps to prove that you control the domain(s),
    saving the certificate to /etc/letsencrypt/live/ and renewing it on a regular schedule.

  2. Optionally, installing that certificate to supported web servers (like Apache or nginx) and other kinds of servers. This is
    done by automatically modifying the configuration of your server in order to use the certificate.

To obtain a certificate and also install it, use the certbot run command (or certbot, which is the same).

To just obtain the certificate without installing it anywhere, the certbot certonly (“certificate only”) command can be used.

Some example ways to use Certbot:

# Obtain and install a certificate:
certbot

# Obtain a certificate but don't install it:
certbot certonly

# You may specify multiple domains with -d and obtain and
# install different certificates by running Certbot multiple times:
certbot certonly -d example.com -d www.example.com
certbot certonly -d app.example.com -d api.example.com

To perform these tasks, Certbot will ask you to choose from a selection of authenticator and installer plugins. The appropriate
choice of plugins will depend on what kind of server software you are running and plan to use your certificates with.

Authenticators are plugins which automatically perform the required steps to prove that you control the domain names you’re trying
to request a certificate for. An authenticator is always required to obtain a certificate.

Installers are plugins which can automatically modify your web server’s configuration to serve your website over HTTPS, using the
certificates obtained by Certbot. An installer is only required if you want Certbot to install the certificate to your web server.

Some plugins are both authenticators and installers and it is possible to specify a distinct combination of authenticator and plugin.

Plugin

Auth

Inst

Notes

Challenge types (and port)

apache

Y

Y

Automates obtaining and installing a certificate with Apache.

http-01 (80)

nginx

Y

Y

Automates obtaining and installing a certificate with Nginx.

http-01 (80)

webroot

Y

N

Obtains a certificate by writing to the webroot directory of

an already running webserver.

http-01 (80)

standalone

Y

N

Uses a “standalone” webserver to obtain a certificate.

Requires port 80 to be available. This is useful on

systems with no webserver, or when direct integration with

the local webserver is not supported or not desired.

http-01 (80)

DNS plugins

Y

N

This category of plugins automates obtaining a certificate by

modifying DNS records to prove you have control over a

domain. Doing domain validation in this way is

the only way to obtain wildcard certificates from Let’s

Encrypt.

dns-01 (53)

manual

Y

N

Obtain a certificate by manually following instructions to

perform domain validation yourself. Certificates created this

way do not support autorenewal.

Autorenewal may be enabled by providing an authentication

hook script to automate the domain validation steps.

http-01 (80) or
dns-01 (53)

Under the hood, plugins use one of several ACME protocol challenges to
prove you control a domain. The options are http-01 (which uses port 80)
and dns-01 (requiring configuration of a DNS server on
port 53, though that’s often not the same machine as your webserver). A few
plugins support more than one challenge type, in which case you can choose one
with --preferred-challenges.

There are also many third-party-plugins available. Below we describe in more detail
the circumstances in which each plugin can be used, and how to use it.

Apache¶

The Apache plugin currently supports
modern OSes based on Debian, Fedora, SUSE, Gentoo, CentOS and Darwin.
This automates both obtaining and installing certificates on an Apache
webserver. To specify this plugin on the command line, simply include
--apache.

Webroot¶

If you’re running a local webserver for which you have the ability
to modify the content being served, and you’d prefer not to stop the
webserver during the certificate issuance process, you can use the webroot
plugin to obtain a certificate by including certonly and --webroot on
the command line. In addition, you’ll need to specify --webroot-path
or -w with the top-level directory (“web root”) containing the files
served by your webserver. For example, --webroot-path /var/www/html
or --webroot-path /usr/share/nginx/html are two common webroot paths.

If you’re getting a certificate for many domains at once, the plugin
needs to know where each domain’s files are served from, which could
potentially be a separate directory for each domain. When requesting a
certificate for multiple domains, each domain will use the most recently
specified --webroot-path. So, for instance,

certbot certonly --webroot -w /var/www/example -d www.example.com -d example.com -w /var/www/other -d other.example.net -d another.other.example.net

would obtain a single certificate for all of those names, using the
/var/www/example webroot directory for the first two, and
/var/www/other for the second two.

The webroot plugin works by creating a temporary file for each of your requested
domains in ${webroot-path}/.well-known/acme-challenge. Then the Let’s Encrypt
validation server makes HTTP requests to validate that the DNS for each
requested domain resolves to the server running certbot. An example request
made to your web server would look like:

66.133.109.36 - - [05/Jan/2016:20:11:24 -0500] "GET /.well-known/acme-challenge/HGr8U1IeTW4kY_Z6UIyaakzOkyQgPr_7ArlLgtZE8SX HTTP/1.1" 200 87 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Let's Encrypt validation server; +https://www.letsencrypt.org)"

Note that to use the webroot plugin, your server must be configured to serve
files from hidden directories. If /.well-known is treated specially by
your webserver configuration, you might need to modify the configuration
to ensure that files inside /.well-known/acme-challenge are served by
the webserver.

Under Windows, Certbot will generate a web.config file, if one does not already exist,
in /.well-known/acme-challenge in order to let IIS serve the challenge files even if they
do not have an extension.

Nginx¶

The Nginx plugin should work for most configurations. We recommend backing up
Nginx configurations before using it (though you can also revert changes to
configurations with certbot --nginx rollback). You can use it by providing
the --nginx flag on the commandline.

Standalone¶

Use standalone mode to obtain a certificate if you don’t want to use (or don’t currently have)
existing server software. The standalone plugin does not rely on any other server
software running on the machine where you obtain the certificate.

To obtain a certificate using a “standalone” webserver, you can use the
standalone plugin by including certonly and --standalone
on the command line. This plugin needs to bind to port 80 in
order to perform domain validation, so you may need to stop your
existing webserver.

It must still be possible for your machine to accept inbound connections from
the Internet on the specified port using each requested domain name.

By default, Certbot first attempts to bind to the port for all interfaces using
IPv6 and then bind to that port using IPv4; Certbot continues so long as at
least one bind succeeds. On most Linux systems, IPv4 traffic will be routed to
the bound IPv6 port and the failure during the second bind is expected.

Use --<challenge-type>-address to explicitly tell Certbot which interface
(and protocol) to bind.

DNS Plugins¶

If you’d like to obtain a wildcard certificate from Let’s Encrypt or run
certbot on a machine other than your target webserver, you can use one of
Certbot’s DNS plugins.

These plugins are not included in a default Certbot installation and must be
installed separately. They are available in many OS package managers, as Docker
images, and as snaps. Visit https://certbot.eff.org to learn the best way to
use the DNS plugins on your system.

Once installed, you can find documentation on how to use each plugin at:

  • certbot-dns-cloudflare

  • certbot-dns-digitalocean

  • certbot-dns-dnsimple

  • certbot-dns-dnsmadeeasy

  • certbot-dns-gehirn

  • certbot-dns-google

  • certbot-dns-linode

  • certbot-dns-luadns

  • certbot-dns-nsone

  • certbot-dns-ovh

  • certbot-dns-rfc2136

  • certbot-dns-route53

  • certbot-dns-sakuracloud

Manual¶

If you’d like to obtain a certificate running certbot on a machine
other than your target webserver or perform the steps for domain
validation yourself, you can use the manual plugin. While hidden from
the UI, you can use the plugin to obtain a certificate by specifying
certonly and --manual on the command line. This requires you
to copy and paste commands into another terminal session, which may
be on a different computer.

The manual plugin can use either the http or the dns challenge. You can use the --preferred-challenges option
to choose the challenge of your preference.

The http challenge will ask you to place a file with a specific name and
specific content in the /.well-known/acme-challenge/ directory directly
in the top-level directory (“web root”) containing the files served by your
webserver. In essence it’s the same as the webroot plugin, but not automated.

When using the dns challenge, certbot will ask you to place a TXT DNS
record with specific contents under the domain name consisting of the hostname
for which you want a certificate issued, prepended by _acme-challenge.

For example, for the domain example.com, a zone file entry would look like:

_acme-challenge.example.com. 300 IN TXT "gfj9Xq...Rg85nM"

Renewal with the manual plugin

Certificates created using --manual do not support automatic renewal unless
combined with an authentication hook script via --manual-auth-hook
to automatically set up the required HTTP and/or TXT challenges.

If you can use one of the other plugins which support autorenewal to create
your certificate, doing so is highly recommended.

To manually renew a certificate using --manual without hooks, repeat the same
certbot --manual command you used to create the certificate originally. As this
will require you to copy and paste new HTTP files or DNS TXT records, the command
cannot be automated with a cron job.

Combining plugins¶

Sometimes you may want to specify a combination of distinct authenticator and
installer plugins. To do so, specify the authenticator plugin with
--authenticator or -a and the installer plugin with --installer or
-i.

For instance, you could create a certificate using the webroot plugin
for authentication and the apache plugin for installation.

certbot run -a webroot -i apache -w /var/www/html -d example.com

Or you could create a certificate using the manual plugin for authentication
and the nginx plugin for installation. (Note that this certificate cannot
be renewed automatically.)

certbot run -a manual -i nginx -d example.com

Third-party plugins¶

There are also a number of third-party plugins for the client, provided by
other developers. Many are beta/experimental, but some are already in
widespread use:

Plugin

Auth

Inst

Notes

haproxy

Y

Y

Integration with the HAProxy load balancer

s3front

Y

Y

Integration with Amazon CloudFront distribution of S3 buckets

gandi

Y

N

Obtain certificates via the Gandi LiveDNS API

varnish

Y

N

Obtain certificates via a Varnish server

external-auth

Y

Y

A plugin for convenient scripting

pritunl

N

Y

Install certificates in pritunl distributed OpenVPN servers

proxmox

N

Y

Install certificates in Proxmox Virtualization servers

dns-standalone

Y

N

Obtain certificates via an integrated DNS server

dns-ispconfig

Y

N

DNS Authentication using ISPConfig as DNS server

dns-clouddns

Y

N

DNS Authentication using CloudDNS API

dns-lightsail

Y

N

DNS Authentication using Amazon Lightsail DNS API

dns-inwx

Y

Y

DNS Authentication for INWX through the XML API

dns-azure

Y

N

DNS Authentication using Azure DNS

dns-godaddy

Y

N

DNS Authentication using Godaddy DNS

dns-yandexcloud

Y

N

DNS Authentication using Yandex Cloud DNS

dns-bunny

Y

N

DNS Authentication using BunnyDNS

njalla

Y

N

DNS Authentication for njalla

DuckDNS

Y

N

DNS Authentication for DuckDNS

Porkbun

Y

N

DNS Authentication for Porkbun

Infomaniak

Y

N

DNS Authentication using Infomaniak Domains API

dns-multi

Y

N

DNS authentication of 100+ providers using go-acme/lego

dns-dnsmanager

Y

N

DNS Authentication for dnsmanager.io

standalone-nfq

Y

N

HTTP Authentication that works with any webserver (Linux only)

If you’re interested, you can also write your own plugin.

Managing certificates¶

To view a list of the certificates Certbot knows about, run
the certificates subcommand:

certbot certificates

This returns information in the following format:

Found the following certificates:
  Certificate Name: example.com
    Domains: example.com, www.example.com
    Expiry Date: 2017-02-19 19:53:00+00:00 (VALID: 30 days)
    Certificate Path: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
    Key Type: RSA
    Private Key Path: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem

Certificate Name shows the name of the certificate. Pass this name
using the --cert-name flag to specify a particular certificate for the run,
certonly, certificates, renew, and delete commands. The certificate
name cannot contain filepath separators (i.e. ‘/’ or ‘\’, depending on the platform).
Example:

certbot certonly --cert-name example.com

Re-creating and Updating Existing Certificates¶

You can use certonly or run subcommands to request
the creation of a single new certificate even if you already have an
existing certificate with some of the same domain names.

If a certificate is requested with run or certonly specifying a
certificate name that already exists, Certbot updates
the existing certificate. Otherwise a new certificate
is created and assigned the specified name.

The --force-renewal, --duplicate, and --expand options
control Certbot’s behavior when re-creating
a certificate with the same name as an existing certificate.
If you don’t specify a requested behavior, Certbot may ask you what you intended.

--force-renewal tells Certbot to request a new certificate
with the same domains as an existing certificate. Each domain
must be explicitly specified via -d. If successful, this certificate
is saved alongside the earlier one and symbolic links (the “live
reference) will be updated to point to the new certificate. This is a
valid method of renewing a specific individual
certificate.

--duplicate tells Certbot to create a separate, unrelated certificate
with the same domains as an existing certificate. This certificate is
saved completely separately from the prior one. Most users will not
need to issue this command in normal circumstances.

--expand tells Certbot to update an existing certificate with a new
certificate that contains all of the old domains and one or more additional
new domains. With the --expand option, use the -d option to specify
all existing domains and one or more new domains.

Example:

certbot --expand -d existing.com,example.com,newdomain.com

If you prefer, you can specify the domains individually like this:

certbot --expand -d existing.com -d example.com -d newdomain.com

Consider using --cert-name instead of --expand, as it gives more control
over which certificate is modified and it lets you remove domains as well as adding them.

--allow-subset-of-names tells Certbot to continue with certificate generation if
only some of the specified domain authorizations can be obtained. This may
be useful if some domains specified in a certificate no longer point at this
system.

Whenever you obtain a new certificate in any of these ways, the new
certificate exists alongside any previously obtained certificates, whether
or not the previous certificates have expired. The generation of a new
certificate counts against several rate limits that are intended to prevent
abuse of the ACME protocol, as described
here.

Changing a Certificate’s Domains¶

The --cert-name flag can also be used to modify the domains a certificate contains,
by specifying new domains using the -d or --domains flag. If certificate example.com
previously contained example.com and www.example.com, it can be modified to only
contain example.com by specifying only example.com with the -d or --domains flag. Example:

certbot certonly --cert-name example.com -d example.com

The same format can be used to expand the set of domains a certificate contains, or to
replace that set entirely:

certbot certonly --cert-name example.com -d example.org,www.example.org

RSA and ECDSA keys¶

Certbot supports two certificate private key algorithms: rsa and ecdsa.

As of version 2.0.0, Certbot defaults to ECDSA secp256r1 (P-256) certificate private keys
for all new certificates. Existing certificates will continue to renew using their existing key
type, unless a key type change is requested.

The type of key used by Certbot can be controlled through the --key-type option.
You can use the --elliptic-curve option to control the curve used in ECDSA
certificates and the --rsa-key-size option to control the size of RSA keys.

Warning

If you obtain certificates using ECDSA keys, you should be careful
not to downgrade to a Certbot version earlier than 1.10.0 where ECDSA keys were
not supported. Downgrades like this are possible if you switch from something like
the snaps or pip to packages provided by your operating system which often lag behind.

Changing a certificate’s key type¶

Unless you are aware that you need to support very old HTTPS clients that are
not supported by most sites, you can safely transition your site to use
ECDSA keys instead of RSA keys.

If you want to change a single certificate to use ECDSA keys, you’ll need to
create or renew a certificate while setting --key-type ecdsa on the command line:

certbot renew --key-type ecdsa --cert-name example.com --force-renewal

If you want to use ECDSA keys for all certificates in the future (including renewals
of existing certificates), you can add the following line to Certbot’s
configuration file:

which will take effect upon the next renewal of each certificate.

Revoking certificates¶

If you need to revoke a certificate, use the revoke subcommand to do so.

A certificate may be revoked by providing its name (see certbot certificates) or by providing
its path directly:

certbot revoke --cert-name example.com

certbot revoke --cert-path /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/cert.pem

If the certificate being revoked was obtained via the --staging, --test-cert or a non-default --server flag,
that flag must be passed to the revoke subcommand.

Note

After revocation, Certbot will (by default) ask whether you want to delete the certificate.
Unless deleted, Certbot will try to renew revoked certificates the next time certbot renew runs.

You can also specify the reason for revoking your certificate by using the reason flag.
Reasons include unspecified which is the default, as well as keycompromise,
affiliationchanged, superseded, and cessationofoperation:

certbot revoke --cert-name example.com --reason keycompromise

Revoking by account key or certificate private key¶

By default, Certbot will try revoke the certificate using your ACME account key. If the certificate was created from
the same ACME account, the revocation will be successful.

If you instead have the corresponding private key file to the certificate you wish to revoke, use --key-path to perform the
revocation from any ACME account:

certbot revoke --cert-path /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/cert.pem --key-path /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem

Deleting certificates¶

If you need to delete a certificate, use the delete subcommand.

Note

Read this and the Safely deleting certificates sections carefully. This is an irreversible operation and must
be done with care.

Certbot does not automatically revoke a certificate before deleting it. If you’re no longer using a certificate and don’t
plan to use it anywhere else, you may want to follow the instructions in Revoking certificates instead. Generally, there’s
no need to revoke a certificate if its private key has not been compromised, but you may still receive expiration emails
from Let’s Encrypt unless you revoke.

Note

Do not manually delete certificate files from inside /etc/letsencrypt/. Always use the delete subcommand.

A certificate may be deleted by providing its name with --cert-name. You may find its name using certbot certificates.

Otherwise, you will be prompted to choose one or more
certificates to delete:

certbot delete --cert-name example.com
# or to choose from a list:
certbot delete

Safely deleting certificates¶

Deleting a certificate without following the proper steps can result in a non-functioning server. To safely delete a
certificate, follow all the steps below to make sure that references to a certificate are removed from the configuration
of any installed server software (Apache, nginx, Postfix, etc) before deleting the certificate.

To explain further, when installing a certificate, Certbot modifies Apache or nginx’s configuration to load the certificate
and its private key from the /etc/letsencrypt/live/ directory. Before deleting a certificate, it is necessary to undo
that modification, by removing any references to the certificate from the webserver’s configuration files.

Follow these steps to safely delete a certificate:

  1. Find all references to the certificate (substitute example.com in the command for the name of the certificate
    you wish to delete):

    sudo bash -c 'grep -R live/example.com /etc/{nginx,httpd,apache2}'
    

    If there are no references found, skip directly to Step 4.

    If some references are found, they will look something like:

    /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf:SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
    /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf:SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
    
  2. You will need a self-signed certificate to replace the certificate you are deleting. The following command will generate one
    for you, saving the certificate at /etc/letsencrypt/self-signed-cert.pem and its private key at
    /etc/letsencrypt/self-signed-privkey.pem:

    sudo openssl req -nodes -batch -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/letsencrypt/self-signed-privkey.pem -out /etc/letsencrypt/self-signed-cert.pem -days 356
    
  3. For each reference found in Step 1, open the file in a text editor and replace the reference to the existing
    certificate with a reference to the self-signed certificate.

    Continuing from the previous example, you would open /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf in a text editor
    and modify the two matching lines of text to instead say:

    SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/self-signed-cert.pem
    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/self-signed-privkey.pem
    
  4. It is now safe to delete the certificate. Do so by running:

    sudo certbot delete --cert-name example.com
    

Renewing certificates¶

Note

Let’s Encrypt CA issues short-lived certificates (90
days). Make sure you renew the certificates at least once in 3
months.

See also

Most Certbot installations come with automatic
renewal out of the box. See Automated Renewals for more details.

See also

Users of the Manual plugin should note that --manual certificates
will not renew automatically, unless combined with authentication hook scripts.
See Renewal with the manual plugin.

As of version 0.10.0, Certbot supports a renew action to check
all installed certificates for impending expiry and attempt to renew
them. The simplest form is simply

certbot renew

This command attempts to renew any previously-obtained certificates that
expire in less than 30 days. The same plugin and options that were used
at the time the certificate was originally issued will be used for the
renewal attempt, unless you specify other plugins or options. Unlike certonly, renew acts on
multiple certificates and always takes into account whether each one is near
expiry. Because of this, renew is suitable (and designed) for automated use,
to allow your system to automatically renew each certificate when appropriate.
Since renew only renews certificates that are near expiry it can be
run as frequently as you want — since it will usually take no action.

The renew command includes hooks for running commands or scripts before or after a certificate is
renewed. For example, if you have a single certificate obtained using
the standalone plugin, you might need to stop the webserver
before renewing so standalone can bind to the necessary ports, and
then restart it after the plugin is finished. Example:

certbot renew --pre-hook "service nginx stop" --post-hook "service nginx start"

If a hook exits with a non-zero exit code, the error will be printed
to stderr but renewal will be attempted anyway. A failing hook
doesn’t directly cause Certbot to exit with a non-zero exit code, but
since Certbot exits with a non-zero exit code when renewals fail, a
failed hook causing renewal failures will indirectly result in a
non-zero exit code. Hooks will only be run if a certificate is due for
renewal, so you can run the above command frequently without
unnecessarily stopping your webserver.

When Certbot detects that a certificate is due for renewal, --pre-hook
and --post-hook hooks run before and after each attempt to renew it.
If you want your hook to run only after a successful renewal, use
--deploy-hook in a command like this.

certbot renew --deploy-hook /path/to/deploy-hook-script

You can also specify hooks by placing files in subdirectories of Certbot’s
configuration directory. Assuming your configuration directory is
/etc/letsencrypt, any executable files found in
/etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/pre,
/etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy, and
/etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/post will be run as pre, deploy, and post
hooks respectively when any certificate is renewed with the renew
subcommand. These hooks are run in alphabetical order and are not run for other
subcommands. (The order the hooks are run is determined by the byte value of
the characters in their filenames and is not dependent on your locale.)

Hooks specified in the command line, configuration file, or renewal configuration files are
run as usual after running all hooks in these directories. One minor exception
to this is if a hook specified elsewhere is simply the path to an executable
file in the hook directory of the same type (e.g. your pre-hook is the path to
an executable in /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/pre), the file is not run a
second time. You can stop Certbot from automatically running executables found
in these directories by including --no-directory-hooks on the command line.

More information about hooks can be found by running
certbot --help renew.

If you’re sure that this command executes successfully without human
intervention, you can add the command to crontab (since certificates
are only renewed when they’re determined to be near expiry, the command
can run on a regular basis, like every week or every day). In that case,
you are likely to want to use the -q or --quiet quiet flag to
silence all output except errors.

If you are manually renewing all of your certificates, the
--force-renewal flag may be helpful; it causes the expiration time of
the certificate(s) to be ignored when considering renewal, and attempts to
renew each and every installed certificate regardless of its age. (This
form is not appropriate to run daily because each certificate will be
renewed every day, which will quickly run into the certificate authority
rate limit.)

Note that options provided to certbot renew will apply to
every certificate for which renewal is attempted; for example,
certbot renew --rsa-key-size 4096 would try to replace every
near-expiry certificate with an equivalent certificate using a 4096-bit
RSA public key. If a certificate is successfully renewed using
specified options, those options will be saved and used for future
renewals of that certificate.

An alternative form that provides for more fine-grained control over the
renewal process (while renewing specified certificates one at a time),
is certbot certonly with the complete set of subject domains of
a specific certificate specified via -d flags. You may also want to
include the -n or --noninteractive flag to prevent blocking on
user input (which is useful when running the command from cron).

certbot certonly -n -d example.com -d www.example.com

All of the domains covered by the certificate must be specified in
this case in order to renew and replace the old certificate rather
than obtaining a new one; don’t forget any www. domains! Specifying
a subset of the domains creates a new, separate certificate containing
only those domains, rather than replacing the original certificate.
When run with a set of domains corresponding to an existing certificate,
the certonly command attempts to renew that specific certificate.

Please note that the CA will send notification emails to the address
you provide if you do not renew certificates that are about to expire.

Certbot is working hard to improve the renewal process, and we
apologize for any inconvenience you encounter in integrating these
commands into your individual environment.

Note

certbot renew exit status will only be 1 if a renewal attempt failed.
This means certbot renew exit status will be 0 if no certificate needs to be updated.
If you write a custom script and expect to run a command only after a certificate was actually renewed
you will need to use the --deploy-hook since the exit status will be 0 both on successful renewal
and when renewal is not necessary.

Modifying the Renewal Configuration of Existing Certificates¶

When creating a certificate, Certbot will keep track of all of the relevant options chosen by the user. At renewal
time, Certbot will remember these options and apply them once again.

Sometimes, you may encounter the need to change some of these options for future certificate renewals. To achieve this,
you will need to perform the following steps:

Certbot v2.3.0 and newer¶

The certbot reconfigure command can be used to change a certificate’s renewal options.
This command will use the new renewal options to perform a test renewal against the Let’s Encrypt staging server.
If this is successful, the new renewal options will be saved and will apply to future renewals.

You will need to specify the --cert-name, which can be found by running certbot certificates.

A list of common options that may be updated with the reconfigure command can be found by running
certbot help reconfigure.

As a practical example, if you were using the webroot authenticator and had relocated your website to another directory,
you can change the --webroot-path to the new directory using the following command:

certbot reconfigure --cert-name example.com --webroot-path /path/to/new/location

Certbot v2.2.0 and older¶

  1. Perform a dry run renewal with the amended options on the command line. This allows you to confirm that the change
    is valid and will result in successful future renewals.

  2. If the dry run is successful, perform a live renewal of the certificate. This will persist the change for future
    renewals. If the certificate is not yet due to expire, you will need to force a renewal using --force-renewal.

Note

Rate limits from the certificate authority may prevent you from performing multiple renewals in a short
period of time. It is strongly recommended to perform the second step only once, when you have decided on what
options should change.

As a practical example, if you were using the webroot authenticator and had relocated your website to another directory,
you would need to change the --webroot-path to the new directory. Following the above advice:

  1. Perform a dry-run renewal of the individual certificate with the amended options:

    certbot renew --cert-name example.com --webroot-path /path/to/new/location --dry-run
    
  2. If the dry-run was successful, make the change permanent by performing a live renewal of the certificate with the
    amended options, including --force-renewal:

    certbot renew --cert-name example.com --webroot-path /path/to/new/location --force-renewal
    

    --cert-name selects the particular certificate to be modified. Without this option, all certificates will be selected.

    --webroot-path is the option intended to be changed. All other previously selected options will be kept the same
    and do not need to be included in the command.

For advanced certificate management tasks, it is also possible to manually modify the certificate’s renewal configuration
file, but this is discouraged since it can easily break Certbot’s ability to renew your certificates. These renewal
configuration files are located at /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/CERTNAME.conf. If you choose to modify the renewal
configuration file we advise you to make a backup of the file beforehand and test its validity with the certbot renew --dry-run command.

Warning

Manually modifying files under /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/ can damage them if done improperly and we do not recommend doing so.

Automated Renewals¶

Most Certbot installations come with automatic renewals preconfigured. This
is done by means of a scheduled task which runs certbot renew periodically.

If you are unsure whether you need to configure automated renewal:

  1. Review the instructions for your system and installation method at
    https://certbot.eff.org/instructions. They will describe how to set up a scheduled task,
    if necessary. If no step is listed, your system comes with automated renewal pre-installed,
    and you should not need to take any additional actions.

  2. On Linux and BSD, you can check to see if your installation method has pre-installed a timer
    for you. To do so, look for the certbot renew command in either your system’s crontab
    (typically /etc/crontab or /etc/cron.*/*) or systemd timers (systemctl list-timers).

  3. If you’re still not sure, you can configure automated renewal manually by following the steps
    in the next section. Certbot has been carefully engineered to handle the case where both manual
    automated renewal and pre-installed automated renewal are set up.

Setting up automated renewal¶

If you think you may need to set up automated renewal, follow these instructions to set up a
scheduled task to automatically renew your certificates in the background. If you are unsure
whether your system has a pre-installed scheduled task for Certbot, it is safe to follow these
instructions to create one.

Note

If you’re using Windows, these instructions are not neccessary as Certbot on Windows comes with
a scheduled task for automated renewal pre-installed.

If you are using macOS and installed Certbot using Homebrew, follow the instructions at
https://certbot.eff.org/instructions to set up automated renewal. The instructions below
are not applicable on macOS.

Run the following line, which will add a cron job to /etc/crontab:

SLEEPTIME=$(awk 'BEGIN{srand(); print int(rand()*(3600+1))}'); echo "0 0,12 * * * root sleep $SLEEPTIME && certbot renew -q" | sudo tee -a /etc/crontab > /dev/null

If you needed to stop your webserver to run Certbot, you’ll want to
add pre and post hooks to stop and start your webserver automatically.
For example, if your webserver is HAProxy, run the following commands to create the hook files
in the appropriate directory:

sudo sh -c 'printf "#!/bin/sh\nservice haproxy stop\n" > /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/pre/haproxy.sh'
sudo sh -c 'printf "#!/bin/sh\nservice haproxy start\n" > /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/post/haproxy.sh'
sudo chmod 755 /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/pre/haproxy.sh
sudo chmod 755 /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/post/haproxy.sh

Congratulations, Certbot will now automatically renew your certificates in the background.

If you are interested in learning more about how Certbot renews your certificates, see the
Renewing certificates section above.

Where are my certificates?¶

All generated keys and issued certificates can be found in
/etc/letsencrypt/live/$domain, where $domain is the certificate
name (see the note below). Rather than copying, please point your (web)
server configuration directly to those files (or create symlinks).
During the renewal, /etc/letsencrypt/live is updated with the latest
necessary files.

Note

The certificate name $domain used in the path /etc/letsencrypt/live/$domain
follows this convention:

  • it is the name given to --cert-name,

  • if --cert-name is not set by the user it is the first domain given to
    --domains,

  • if the first domain is a wildcard domain (eg. *.example.com) the
    certificate name will be example.com,

  • if a name collision would occur with a certificate already named example.com,
    the new certificate name will be constructed using a numerical sequence
    as example.com-001.

For historical reasons, the containing directories are created with
permissions of 0700 meaning that certificates are accessible only
to servers that run as the root user. If you will never downgrade
to an older version of Certbot
, then you can safely fix this using
chmod 0755 /etc/letsencrypt/{live,archive}.

For servers that drop root privileges before attempting to read the
private key file, you will also need to use chgrp and chmod
0640
to allow the server to read
/etc/letsencrypt/live/$domain/privkey.pem.

The following files are available:

privkey.pem

Private key for the certificate.

Warning

This must be kept secret at all times! Never share
it with anyone, including Certbot developers. You cannot
put it into a safe, however — your server still needs to access
this file in order for SSL/TLS to work.

Note

As of Certbot version 0.29.0, private keys for new certificate
default to 0600. Any changes to the group mode or group owner (gid)
of this file will be preserved on renewals.

This is what Apache needs for SSLCertificateKeyFile,
and Nginx for ssl_certificate_key.

fullchain.pem

All certificates, including server certificate (aka leaf certificate or
end-entity certificate). The server certificate is the first one in this file,
followed by any intermediates.

This is what Apache >= 2.4.8 needs for SSLCertificateFile,
and what Nginx needs for ssl_certificate.

cert.pem and chain.pem (less common)

cert.pem contains the server certificate by itself, and
chain.pem contains the additional intermediate certificate or
certificates that web browsers will need in order to validate the
server certificate. If you provide one of these files to your web
server, you must provide both of them, or some browsers will show
“This Connection is Untrusted” errors for your site, some of the time.

Apache < 2.4.8 needs these for SSLCertificateFile.
and SSLCertificateChainFile,
respectively.

If you’re using OCSP stapling with Nginx >= 1.3.7, chain.pem should be
provided as the ssl_trusted_certificate
to validate OCSP responses.

Note

All files are PEM-encoded.
If you need other format, such as DER or PFX, then you
could convert using openssl. You can automate that with
--deploy-hook if you’re using automatic renewal.

Pre and Post Validation Hooks¶

Certbot allows for the specification of pre and post validation hooks when run
in manual mode. The flags to specify these scripts are --manual-auth-hook
and --manual-cleanup-hook respectively and can be used as follows:

certbot certonly --manual --manual-auth-hook /path/to/http/authenticator.sh --manual-cleanup-hook /path/to/http/cleanup.sh -d secure.example.com

This will run the authenticator.sh script, attempt the validation, and then run
the cleanup.sh script. Additionally certbot will pass relevant environment
variables to these scripts:

  • CERTBOT_DOMAIN: The domain being authenticated

  • CERTBOT_VALIDATION: The validation string

  • CERTBOT_TOKEN: Resource name part of the HTTP-01 challenge (HTTP-01 only)

  • CERTBOT_REMAINING_CHALLENGES: Number of challenges remaining after the current challenge

  • CERTBOT_ALL_DOMAINS: A comma-separated list of all domains challenged for the current certificate

Additionally for cleanup:

  • CERTBOT_AUTH_OUTPUT: Whatever the auth script wrote to stdout

Example usage for HTTP-01:

certbot certonly --manual --preferred-challenges=http --manual-auth-hook /path/to/http/authenticator.sh --manual-cleanup-hook /path/to/http/cleanup.sh -d secure.example.com

/path/to/http/authenticator.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo $CERTBOT_VALIDATION > /var/www/htdocs/.well-known/acme-challenge/$CERTBOT_TOKEN

/path/to/http/cleanup.sh

#!/bin/bash
rm -f /var/www/htdocs/.well-known/acme-challenge/$CERTBOT_TOKEN

Example usage for DNS-01 (Cloudflare API v4) (for example purposes only, do not use as-is)

certbot certonly --manual --preferred-challenges=dns --manual-auth-hook /path/to/dns/authenticator.sh --manual-cleanup-hook /path/to/dns/cleanup.sh -d secure.example.com

/path/to/dns/authenticator.sh

#!/bin/bash

# Get your API key from https://www.cloudflare.com/a/account/my-account
API_KEY="your-api-key"
EMAIL="your.email@example.com"

# Strip only the top domain to get the zone id
DOMAIN=$(expr match "$CERTBOT_DOMAIN" '.*\.\(.*\..*\)')

# Get the Cloudflare zone id
ZONE_EXTRA_PARAMS="status=active&page=1&per_page=20&order=status&direction=desc&match=all"
ZONE_ID=$(curl -s -X GET "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/zones?name=$DOMAIN&$ZONE_EXTRA_PARAMS" \
     -H     "X-Auth-Email: $EMAIL" \
     -H     "X-Auth-Key: $API_KEY" \
     -H     "Content-Type: application/json" | python -c "import sys,json;print(json.load(sys.stdin)['result'][0]['id'])")

# Create TXT record
CREATE_DOMAIN="_acme-challenge.$CERTBOT_DOMAIN"
RECORD_ID=$(curl -s -X POST "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records" \
     -H     "X-Auth-Email: $EMAIL" \
     -H     "X-Auth-Key: $API_KEY" \
     -H     "Content-Type: application/json" \
     --data '{"type":"TXT","name":"'"$CREATE_DOMAIN"'","content":"'"$CERTBOT_VALIDATION"'","ttl":120}' \
             | python -c "import sys,json;print(json.load(sys.stdin)['result']['id'])")
# Save info for cleanup
if [ ! -d /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN ];then
        mkdir -m 0700 /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN
fi
echo $ZONE_ID > /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/ZONE_ID
echo $RECORD_ID > /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/RECORD_ID

# Sleep to make sure the change has time to propagate over to DNS
sleep 25

/path/to/dns/cleanup.sh

#!/bin/bash

# Get your API key from https://www.cloudflare.com/a/account/my-account
API_KEY="your-api-key"
EMAIL="your.email@example.com"

if [ -f /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/ZONE_ID ]; then
        ZONE_ID=$(cat /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/ZONE_ID)
        rm -f /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/ZONE_ID
fi

if [ -f /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/RECORD_ID ]; then
        RECORD_ID=$(cat /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/RECORD_ID)
        rm -f /tmp/CERTBOT_$CERTBOT_DOMAIN/RECORD_ID
fi

# Remove the challenge TXT record from the zone
if [ -n "${ZONE_ID}" ]; then
    if [ -n "${RECORD_ID}" ]; then
        curl -s -X DELETE "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records/$RECORD_ID" \
                -H "X-Auth-Email: $EMAIL" \
                -H "X-Auth-Key: $API_KEY" \
                -H "Content-Type: application/json"
    fi
fi

Changing the ACME Server¶

By default, Certbot uses Let’s Encrypt’s production server at
https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory. You can tell Certbot to use a
different CA by providing --server on the command line or in a
configuration file with the URL of the server’s
ACME directory. For example, if you would like to use Let’s Encrypt’s
staging server, you would add --server
https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
to the command line.

Note

--dry-run uses the Let’s Encrypt staging server, unless --server
is specified on the CLI or in the cli.ini configuration file.
Take caution when using --dry-run with a custom server, as it may cause real
certificates to be issued and discarded.

If Certbot does not trust the SSL certificate used by the ACME server, you
can use the REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE
environment variable to override the root certificates trusted by Certbot. Certbot
uses the requests library, which does not use the operating system trusted root store.
Make sure that REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE is set globally in the environment and not only on
the CLI, or scheduled renewal will not succeed.

Lock Files¶

When processing a validation Certbot writes a number of lock files on your system
to prevent multiple instances from overwriting each other’s changes. This means
that by default two instances of Certbot will not be able to run in parallel.

Since the directories used by Certbot are configurable, Certbot
will write a lock file for all of the directories it uses. This include Certbot’s
--work-dir, --logs-dir, and --config-dir. By default these are
/var/lib/letsencrypt, /var/log/letsencrypt, and /etc/letsencrypt
respectively. Additionally if you are using Certbot with Apache or nginx it will
lock the configuration folder for that program, which are typically also in the
/etc directory.

Note that these lock files will only prevent other instances of Certbot from
using those directories, not other processes. If you’d like to run multiple
instances of Certbot simultaneously you should specify different directories
as the --work-dir, --logs-dir, and --config-dir for each instance
of Certbot that you would like to run.

Configuration file¶

Certbot accepts a global configuration file that applies its options to all invocations
of Certbot. Certificate specific configuration choices should be set in the .conf
files that can be found in /etc/letsencrypt/renewal.

By default no cli.ini file is created (though it may exist already if you installed Certbot
via a package manager, for instance).
After creating one it is possible to specify the location of this configuration file with
certbot --config cli.ini (or shorter -c cli.ini). An
example configuration file is shown below:

# This is an example of the kind of things you can do in a configuration file.
# All flags used by the client can be configured here. Run Certbot with
# "--help" to learn more about the available options.
#
# Note that these options apply automatically to all use of Certbot for
# obtaining or renewing certificates, so options specific to a single
# certificate on a system with several certificates should not be placed
# here.

# Use ECC for the private key
key-type = ecdsa
elliptic-curve = secp384r1

# Use a 4096 bit RSA key instead of 2048
rsa-key-size = 4096

# Uncomment and update to register with the specified e-mail address
# email = foo@example.com

# Uncomment to use the standalone authenticator on port 443
# authenticator = standalone

# Uncomment to use the webroot authenticator. Replace webroot-path with the
# path to the public_html / webroot folder being served by your web server.
# authenticator = webroot
# webroot-path = /usr/share/nginx/html

# Uncomment to automatically agree to the terms of service of the ACME server
# agree-tos = true

# An example of using an alternate ACME server that uses EAB credentials
# server = https://acme.sectigo.com/v2/InCommonRSAOV
# eab-kid = somestringofstuffwithoutquotes
# eab-hmac-key = yaddayaddahexhexnotquoted

By default, the following locations are searched:

  • /etc/letsencrypt/cli.ini

  • $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/letsencrypt/cli.ini (or
    ~/.config/letsencrypt/cli.ini if $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is not
    set).

Since this configuration file applies to all invocations of certbot it is incorrect
to list domains in it. Listing domains in cli.ini may prevent renewal from working.
Additionally due to how arguments in cli.ini are parsed, options which wish to
not be set should not be listed. Options set to false will instead be read
as being set to true by older versions of Certbot, since they have been listed
in the config file.

Log Rotation¶

By default certbot stores status logs in /var/log/letsencrypt. By default
certbot will begin rotating logs once there are 1000 logs in the log directory.
Meaning that once 1000 files are in /var/log/letsencrypt Certbot will delete
the oldest one to make room for new logs. The number of subsequent logs can be
changed by passing the desired number to the command line flag
--max-log-backups. Setting this flag to 0 disables log rotation entirely,
causing certbot to always append to the same log file.

Note

Some distributions, including Debian and Ubuntu, disable
certbot’s internal log rotation in favor of a more traditional
logrotate script. If you are using a distribution’s packages and
want to alter the log rotation, check /etc/logrotate.d/ for a
certbot rotation script.

Certbot command-line options¶

Certbot supports a lot of command line options. Here’s the full list, from
certbot --help all:

usage: 
  certbot [SUBCOMMAND] [options] [-d DOMAIN] [-d DOMAIN] ...

Certbot can obtain and install HTTPS/TLS/SSL certificates.  By default,
it will attempt to use a webserver both for obtaining and installing the
certificate. The most common SUBCOMMANDS and flags are:

obtain, install, and renew certificates:
    (default) run   Obtain & install a certificate in your current webserver
    certonly        Obtain or renew a certificate, but do not install it
    renew           Renew all previously obtained certificates that are near expiry
    enhance         Add security enhancements to your existing configuration
   -d DOMAINS       Comma-separated list of domains to obtain a certificate for

  --apache          Use the Apache plugin for authentication & installation
  --standalone      Run a standalone webserver for authentication
  --nginx           Use the Nginx plugin for authentication & installation
  --webroot         Place files in a server's webroot folder for authentication
  --manual          Obtain certificates interactively, or using shell script hooks

   -n               Run non-interactively
  --test-cert       Obtain a test certificate from a staging server
  --dry-run         Test "renew" or "certonly" without saving any certificates to disk

manage certificates:
    certificates    Display information about certificates you have from Certbot
    revoke          Revoke a certificate (supply --cert-name or --cert-path)
    delete          Delete a certificate (supply --cert-name)
    reconfigure     Update a certificate's configuration (supply --cert-name)

manage your account:
    register        Create an ACME account
    unregister      Deactivate an ACME account
    update_account  Update an ACME account
    show_account    Display account details
  --agree-tos       Agree to the ACME server's Subscriber Agreement
   -m EMAIL         Email address for important account notifications

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -c CONFIG_FILE, --config CONFIG_FILE
                        path to config file (default: /etc/letsencrypt/cli.ini
                        and ~/.config/letsencrypt/cli.ini)
  -v, --verbose         This flag can be used multiple times to incrementally
                        increase the verbosity of output, e.g. -vvv. (default:
                        0)
  --max-log-backups MAX_LOG_BACKUPS
                        Specifies the maximum number of backup logs that
                        should be kept by Certbot's built in log rotation.
                        Setting this flag to 0 disables log rotation entirely,
                        causing Certbot to always append to the same log file.
                        (default: 1000)
  -n, --non-interactive, --noninteractive
                        Run without ever asking for user input. This may
                        require additional command line flags; the client will
                        try to explain which ones are required if it finds one
                        missing (default: False)
  --force-interactive   Force Certbot to be interactive even if it detects
                        it's not being run in a terminal. This flag cannot be
                        used with the renew subcommand. (default: False)
  -d DOMAIN, --domains DOMAIN, --domain DOMAIN
                        Domain names to include. For multiple domains you can
                        use multiple -d flags or enter a comma separated list
                        of domains as a parameter. All domains will be
                        included as Subject Alternative Names on the
                        certificate. The first domain will be used as the
                        certificate name, unless otherwise specified or if you
                        already have a certificate with the same name. In the
                        case of a name conflict, a number like -0001 will be
                        appended to the certificate name. (default: Ask)
  --eab-kid EAB_KID     Key Identifier for External Account Binding (default:
                        None)
  --eab-hmac-key EAB_HMAC_KEY
                        HMAC key for External Account Binding (default: None)
  --cert-name CERTNAME  Certificate name to apply. This name is used by
                        Certbot for housekeeping and in file paths; it doesn't
                        affect the content of the certificate itself.
                        Certificate name cannot contain filepath separators
                        (i.e. '/' or '\', depending on the platform). To see
                        certificate names, run 'certbot certificates'. When
                        creating a new certificate, specifies the new
                        certificate's name. (default: the first provided
                        domain or the name of an existing certificate on your
                        system for the same domains)
  --dry-run             Perform a test run against the Let's Encrypt staging
                        server, obtaining test (invalid) certificates but not
                        saving them to disk. This can only be used with the
                        'certonly' and 'renew' subcommands. It may trigger
                        webserver reloads to temporarily modify & roll back
                        configuration files. --pre-hook and --post-hook
                        commands run by default. --deploy-hook commands do not
                        run, unless enabled by --run-deploy-hooks. The test
                        server may be overridden with --server. (default:
                        False)
  --debug-challenges    After setting up challenges, wait for user input
                        before submitting to CA. When used in combination with
                        the `-v` option, the challenge URLs or FQDNs and their
                        expected return values are shown. (default: False)
  --preferred-chain PREFERRED_CHAIN
                        Set the preferred certificate chain. If the CA offers
                        multiple certificate chains, prefer the chain whose
                        topmost certificate was issued from this Subject
                        Common Name. If no match, the default offered chain
                        will be used. (default: None)
  --preferred-challenges PREF_CHALLS
                        A sorted, comma delimited list of the preferred
                        challenge to use during authorization with the most
                        preferred challenge listed first (Eg, "dns" or
                        "http,dns"). Not all plugins support all challenges.
                        See https://certbot.eff.org/docs/using.html#plugins
                        for details. ACME Challenges are versioned, but if you
                        pick "http" rather than "http-01", Certbot will select
                        the latest version automatically. (default: [])
  --issuance-timeout ISSUANCE_TIMEOUT
                        This option specifies how long (in seconds) Certbot
                        will wait for the server to issue a certificate.
                        (default: 90)
  --user-agent USER_AGENT
                        Set a custom user agent string for the client. User
                        agent strings allow the CA to collect high level
                        statistics about success rates by OS, plugin and use
                        case, and to know when to deprecate support for past
                        Python versions and flags. If you wish to hide this
                        information from the Let's Encrypt server, set this to
                        "". (default: CertbotACMEClient/2.6.0 (certbot;
                        OS_NAME OS_VERSION) Authenticator/XXX Installer/YYY
                        (SUBCOMMAND; flags: FLAGS) Py/major.minor.patchlevel).
                        The flags encoded in the user agent are: --duplicate,
                        --force-renew, --allow-subset-of-names, -n, and
                        whether any hooks are set.
  --user-agent-comment USER_AGENT_COMMENT
                        Add a comment to the default user agent string. May be
                        used when repackaging Certbot or calling it from
                        another tool to allow additional statistical data to
                        be collected. Ignored if --user-agent is set.
                        (Example: Foo-Wrapper/1.0) (default: None)

automation:
  Flags for automating execution & other tweaks

  --keep-until-expiring, --keep, --reinstall
                        If the requested certificate matches an existing
                        certificate, always keep the existing one until it is
                        due for renewal (for the 'run' subcommand this means
                        reinstall the existing certificate). (default: Ask)
  --expand              If an existing certificate is a strict subset of the
                        requested names, always expand and replace it with the
                        additional names. (default: Ask)
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  --force-renewal, --renew-by-default
                        If a certificate already exists for the requested
                        domains, renew it now, regardless of whether it is
                        near expiry. (Often --keep-until-expiring is more
                        appropriate). Also implies --expand. (default: False)
  --renew-with-new-domains
                        If a certificate already exists for the requested
                        certificate name but does not match the requested
                        domains, renew it now, regardless of whether it is
                        near expiry. (default: False)
  --reuse-key           When renewing, use the same private key as the
                        existing certificate. (default: False)
  --no-reuse-key        When renewing, do not use the same private key as the
                        existing certificate. Not reusing private keys is the
                        default behavior of Certbot. This option may be used
                        to unset --reuse-key on an existing certificate.
                        (default: False)
  --new-key             When renewing or replacing a certificate, generate a
                        new private key, even if --reuse-key is set on the
                        existing certificate. Combining --new-key and --reuse-
                        key will result in the private key being replaced and
                        then reused in future renewals. (default: False)
  --allow-subset-of-names
                        When performing domain validation, do not consider it
                        a failure if authorizations can not be obtained for a
                        strict subset of the requested domains. This may be
                        useful for allowing renewals for multiple domains to
                        succeed even if some domains no longer point at this
                        system. This option cannot be used with --csr.
                        (default: False)
  --agree-tos           Agree to the ACME Subscriber Agreement (default: Ask)
  --duplicate           Allow making a certificate lineage that duplicates an
                        existing one (both can be renewed in parallel)
                        (default: False)
  -q, --quiet           Silence all output except errors. Useful for
                        automation via cron. Implies --non-interactive.
                        (default: False)

security:
  Security parameters & server settings

  --rsa-key-size N      Size of the RSA key. (default: 2048)
  --key-type {rsa,ecdsa}
                        Type of generated private key. Only *ONE* per
                        invocation can be provided at this time. (default:
                        ecdsa)
  --elliptic-curve N    The SECG elliptic curve name to use. Please see RFC
                        8446 for supported values. (default: secp256r1)
  --must-staple         Adds the OCSP Must-Staple extension to the
                        certificate. Autoconfigures OCSP Stapling for
                        supported setups (Apache version >= 2.3.3 ). (default:
                        False)
  --redirect            Automatically redirect all HTTP traffic to HTTPS for
                        the newly authenticated vhost. (default: redirect
                        enabled for install and run, disabled for enhance)
  --no-redirect         Do not automatically redirect all HTTP traffic to
                        HTTPS for the newly authenticated vhost. (default:
                        redirect enabled for install and run, disabled for
                        enhance)
  --hsts                Add the Strict-Transport-Security header to every HTTP
                        response. Forcing browser to always use SSL for the
                        domain. Defends against SSL Stripping. (default: None)
  --uir                 Add the "Content-Security-Policy: upgrade-insecure-
                        requests" header to every HTTP response. Forcing the
                        browser to use https:// for every http:// resource.
                        (default: None)
  --staple-ocsp         Enables OCSP Stapling. A valid OCSP response is
                        stapled to the certificate that the server offers
                        during TLS. (default: None)
  --strict-permissions  Require that all configuration files are owned by the
                        current user; only needed if your config is somewhere
                        unsafe like /tmp/ (default: False)
  --auto-hsts           Gradually increasing max-age value for HTTP Strict
                        Transport Security security header (default: False)

testing:
  The following flags are meant for testing and integration purposes only.

  --run-deploy-hooks    When performing a test run using `--dry-run` or
                        `reconfigure`, run any applicable deploy hooks. This
                        includes hooks set on the command line, saved in the
                        certificate's renewal configuration file, or present
                        in the renewal-hooks directory. To exclude directory
                        hooks, use --no-directory-hooks. The hook(s) will only
                        be run if the dry run succeeds, and will use the
                        current active certificate, not the temporary test
                        certificate acquired during the dry run. This flag is
                        recommended when modifying the deploy hook using
                        `reconfigure`. (default: False)
  --test-cert, --staging
                        Use the Let's Encrypt staging server to obtain or
                        revoke test (invalid) certificates; equivalent to
                        --server https://acme-
                        staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory (default:
                        False)
  --debug               Show tracebacks in case of errors (default: False)
  --no-verify-ssl       Disable verification of the ACME server's certificate.
                        The root certificates trusted by Certbot can be
                        overriden by setting the REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE
                        environment variable. (default: False)
  --http-01-port HTTP01_PORT
                        Port used in the http-01 challenge. This only affects
                        the port Certbot listens on. A conforming ACME server
                        will still attempt to connect on port 80. (default:
                        80)
  --http-01-address HTTP01_ADDRESS
                        The address the server listens to during http-01
                        challenge. (default: )
  --https-port HTTPS_PORT
                        Port used to serve HTTPS. This affects which port
                        Nginx will listen on after a LE certificate is
                        installed. (default: 443)
  --break-my-certs      Be willing to replace or renew valid certificates with
                        invalid (testing/staging) certificates (default:
                        False)

paths:
  Flags for changing execution paths & servers

  --cert-path CERT_PATH
                        Path to where certificate is saved (with certonly
                        --csr), installed from, or revoked (default: None)
  --key-path KEY_PATH   Path to private key for certificate installation or
                        revocation (if account key is missing) (default: None)
  --fullchain-path FULLCHAIN_PATH
                        Accompanying path to a full certificate chain
                        (certificate plus chain). (default: None)
  --chain-path CHAIN_PATH
                        Accompanying path to a certificate chain. (default:
                        None)
  --config-dir CONFIG_DIR
                        Configuration directory. (default: /etc/letsencrypt)
  --work-dir WORK_DIR   Working directory. (default: /var/lib/letsencrypt)
  --logs-dir LOGS_DIR   Logs directory. (default: /var/log/letsencrypt)
  --server SERVER       ACME Directory Resource URI. (default:
                        https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory)

manage:
  Various subcommands and flags are available for managing your
  certificates:

  certificates          List certificates managed by Certbot
  delete                Clean up all files related to a certificate
  renew                 Renew all certificates (or one specified with --cert-
                        name)
  revoke                Revoke a certificate specified with --cert-path or
                        --cert-name
  reconfigure           Update renewal configuration for a certificate
                        specified by --cert-name

run:
  Options for obtaining & installing certificates

certonly:
  Options for modifying how a certificate is obtained

  --csr CSR             Path to a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) in DER or
                        PEM format. Currently --csr only works with the
                        'certonly' subcommand. (default: None)

renew:
  The 'renew' subcommand will attempt to renew any certificates previously
  obtained if they are close to expiry, and print a summary of the results.
  By default, 'renew' will reuse the plugins and options used to obtain or
  most recently renew each certificate. You can test whether future renewals
  will succeed with `--dry-run`. Individual certificates can be renewed with
  the `--cert-name` option. Hooks are available to run commands before and
  after renewal; see https://certbot.eff.org/docs/using.html#renewal for
  more information on these.

  --pre-hook PRE_HOOK   Command to be run in a shell before obtaining any
                        certificates. Unless --disable-hook-validation is
                        used, the command’s first word must be the absolute
                        pathname of an executable or one found via the PATH
                        environment variable. Intended primarily for renewal,
                        where it can be used to temporarily shut down a
                        webserver that might conflict with the standalone
                        plugin. This will only be called if a certificate is
                        actually to be obtained/renewed. When renewing several
                        certificates that have identical pre-hooks, only the
                        first will be executed. (default: None)
  --post-hook POST_HOOK
                        Command to be run in a shell after attempting to
                        obtain/renew certificates. Unless --disable-hook-
                        validation is used, the command’s first word must be
                        the absolute pathname of an executable or one found
                        via the PATH environment variable. Can be used to
                        deploy renewed certificates, or to restart any servers
                        that were stopped by --pre-hook. This is only run if
                        an attempt was made to obtain/renew a certificate. If
                        multiple renewed certificates have identical post-
                        hooks, only one will be run. (default: None)
  --deploy-hook DEPLOY_HOOK
                        Command to be run in a shell once for each
                        successfully issued certificate. Unless --disable-
                        hook-validation is used, the command’s first word must
                        be the absolute pathname of an executable or one found
                        via the PATH environment variable. For this command,
                        the shell variable $RENEWED_LINEAGE will point to the
                        config live subdirectory (for example,
                        "/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com") containing the
                        new certificates and keys; the shell variable
                        $RENEWED_DOMAINS will contain a space-delimited list
                        of renewed certificate domains (for example,
                        "example.com www.example.com") (default: None)
  --disable-hook-validation
                        Ordinarily the commands specified for --pre-
                        hook/--post-hook/--deploy-hook will be checked for
                        validity, to see if the programs being run are in the
                        $PATH, so that mistakes can be caught early, even when
                        the hooks aren't being run just yet. The validation is
                        rather simplistic and fails if you use more advanced
                        shell constructs, so you can use this switch to
                        disable it. (default: False)
  --no-directory-hooks  Disable running executables found in Certbot's hook
                        directories during renewal. (default: False)
  --disable-renew-updates
                        Disable automatic updates to your server configuration
                        that would otherwise be done by the selected installer
                        plugin, and triggered when the user executes "certbot
                        renew", regardless of if the certificate is renewed.
                        This setting does not apply to important TLS
                        configuration updates. (default: False)
  --no-autorenew        Disable auto renewal of certificates. (default: False)

certificates:
  List certificates managed by Certbot

delete:
  Options for deleting a certificate

revoke:
  Options for revocation of certificates

  --reason {unspecified,keycompromise,affiliationchanged,superseded,cessationofoperation}
                        Specify reason for revoking certificate. (default:
                        unspecified)
  --delete-after-revoke
                        Delete certificates after revoking them, along with
                        all previous and later versions of those certificates.
                        (default: None)
  --no-delete-after-revoke
                        Do not delete certificates after revoking them. This
                        option should be used with caution because the 'renew'
                        subcommand will attempt to renew undeleted revoked
                        certificates. (default: None)

register:
  Options for account registration

  --register-unsafely-without-email
                        Specifying this flag enables registering an account
                        with no email address. This is strongly discouraged,
                        because you will be unable to receive notice about
                        impending expiration or revocation of your
                        certificates or problems with your Certbot
                        installation that will lead to failure to renew.
                        (default: False)
  -m EMAIL, --email EMAIL
                        Email used for registration and recovery contact. Use
                        comma to register multiple emails, ex:
                        u1@example.com,u2@example.com. (default: Ask).
  --eff-email           Share your e-mail address with EFF (default: None)
  --no-eff-email        Don't share your e-mail address with EFF (default:
                        None)

update_account:
  Options for account modification

unregister:
  Options for account deactivation.

  --account ACCOUNT_ID  Account ID to use (default: None)

install:
  Options for modifying how a certificate is deployed

rollback:
  Options for rolling back server configuration changes

  --checkpoints N       Revert configuration N number of checkpoints.
                        (default: 1)

plugins:
  Options for the "plugins" subcommand

  --init                Initialize plugins. (default: False)
  --prepare             Initialize and prepare plugins. (default: False)
  --authenticators      Limit to authenticator plugins only. (default: None)
  --installers          Limit to installer plugins only. (default: None)

enhance:
  Helps to harden the TLS configuration by adding security enhancements to
  already existing configuration.

show_account:
  Options useful for the "show_account" subcommand:

reconfigure:
  Common options that may be updated with the "reconfigure" subcommand:

plugins:
  Plugin Selection: Certbot client supports an extensible plugins
  architecture. See 'certbot plugins' for a list of all installed plugins
  and their names. You can force a particular plugin by setting options
  provided below. Running --help <plugin_name> will list flags specific to
  that plugin.

  --configurator CONFIGURATOR
                        Name of the plugin that is both an authenticator and
                        an installer. Should not be used together with
                        --authenticator or --installer. (default: Ask)
  -a AUTHENTICATOR, --authenticator AUTHENTICATOR
                        Authenticator plugin name. (default: None)
  -i INSTALLER, --installer INSTALLER
                        Installer plugin name (also used to find domains).
                        (default: None)
  --apache              Obtain and install certificates using Apache (default:
                        False)
  --nginx               Obtain and install certificates using Nginx (default:
                        False)
  --standalone          Obtain certificates using a "standalone" webserver.
                        (default: False)
  --manual              Provide laborious manual instructions for obtaining a
                        certificate (default: False)
  --webroot             Obtain certificates by placing files in a webroot
                        directory. (default: False)
  --dns-cloudflare      Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using Cloudflare for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-digitalocean    Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using DigitalOcean for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-dnsimple        Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using DNSimple for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-dnsmadeeasy     Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using DNS Made Easy for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-gehirn          Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using Gehirn Infrastructure Service for DNS).
                        (default: False)
  --dns-google          Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using Google Cloud DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-linode          Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using Linode for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-luadns          Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using LuaDNS for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-nsone           Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using NS1 for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-ovh             Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using OVH for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-rfc2136         Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using BIND for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-route53         Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using Route53 for DNS). (default: False)
  --dns-sakuracloud     Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are
                        using Sakura Cloud for DNS). (default: False)

apache:
  Apache Web Server plugin (Please note that the default values of the
  Apache plugin options change depending on the operating system Certbot is
  run on.)

  --apache-enmod APACHE_ENMOD
                        Path to the Apache 'a2enmod' binary (default: None)
  --apache-dismod APACHE_DISMOD
                        Path to the Apache 'a2dismod' binary (default: None)
  --apache-le-vhost-ext APACHE_LE_VHOST_EXT
                        SSL vhost configuration extension (default: -le-
                        ssl.conf)
  --apache-server-root APACHE_SERVER_ROOT
                        Apache server root directory (default: /etc/apache2)
  --apache-vhost-root APACHE_VHOST_ROOT
                        Apache server VirtualHost configuration root (default:
                        None)
  --apache-logs-root APACHE_LOGS_ROOT
                        Apache server logs directory (default:
                        /var/log/apache2)
  --apache-challenge-location APACHE_CHALLENGE_LOCATION
                        Directory path for challenge configuration (default:
                        /etc/apache2)
  --apache-handle-modules APACHE_HANDLE_MODULES
                        Let installer handle enabling required modules for you
                        (Only Ubuntu/Debian currently) (default: False)
  --apache-handle-sites APACHE_HANDLE_SITES
                        Let installer handle enabling sites for you (Only
                        Ubuntu/Debian currently) (default: False)
  --apache-ctl APACHE_CTL
                        Full path to Apache control script (default:
                        apache2ctl)
  --apache-bin APACHE_BIN
                        Full path to apache2/httpd binary (default: None)

dns-cloudflare:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using Cloudflare
  for DNS).

  --dns-cloudflare-propagation-seconds DNS_CLOUDFLARE_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 10)
  --dns-cloudflare-credentials DNS_CLOUDFLARE_CREDENTIALS
                        Cloudflare credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-digitalocean:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using DigitalOcean
  for DNS).

  --dns-digitalocean-propagation-seconds DNS_DIGITALOCEAN_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 10)
  --dns-digitalocean-credentials DNS_DIGITALOCEAN_CREDENTIALS
                        DigitalOcean credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-dnsimple:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using DNSimple for
  DNS).

  --dns-dnsimple-propagation-seconds DNS_DNSIMPLE_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 30)
  --dns-dnsimple-credentials DNS_DNSIMPLE_CREDENTIALS
                        DNSimple credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-dnsmadeeasy:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using DNS Made Easy
  for DNS).

  --dns-dnsmadeeasy-propagation-seconds DNS_DNSMADEEASY_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 60)
  --dns-dnsmadeeasy-credentials DNS_DNSMADEEASY_CREDENTIALS
                        DNS Made Easy credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-gehirn:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using Gehirn
  Infrastructure Service for DNS).

  --dns-gehirn-propagation-seconds DNS_GEHIRN_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 30)
  --dns-gehirn-credentials DNS_GEHIRN_CREDENTIALS
                        Gehirn Infrastructure Service credentials file.
                        (default: None)

dns-google:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using Google Cloud
  DNS for DNS).

  --dns-google-propagation-seconds DNS_GOOGLE_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 60)
  --dns-google-credentials DNS_GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS
                        Path to Google Cloud DNS service account JSON file to
                        use instead of relying on Application Default
                        Credentials (ADC). (See https://cloud.google.com/docs/
                        authentication/application-default-credentials for
                        information about ADC, https://developers.google.com/i
                        dentity/protocols/OAuth2ServiceAccount#creatinganaccou
                        nt for information about creating a service account,
                        and https://cloud.google.com/dns/access-
                        control#permissions_and_roles for information about
                        the permissions required to modify Cloud DNS records.)
                        (default: None)
  --dns-google-project DNS_GOOGLE_PROJECT
                        The ID of the Google Cloud project that the Google
                        Cloud DNS managed zone(s) reside in. This will be
                        determined automatically if not specified. (default:
                        None)

dns-linode:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using Linode for
  DNS).

  --dns-linode-propagation-seconds DNS_LINODE_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 120)
  --dns-linode-credentials DNS_LINODE_CREDENTIALS
                        Linode credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-luadns:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using LuaDNS for
  DNS).

  --dns-luadns-propagation-seconds DNS_LUADNS_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 30)
  --dns-luadns-credentials DNS_LUADNS_CREDENTIALS
                        LuaDNS credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-nsone:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using NS1 for DNS).

  --dns-nsone-propagation-seconds DNS_NSONE_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 30)
  --dns-nsone-credentials DNS_NSONE_CREDENTIALS
                        NS1 credentials file. (default: None)

dns-ovh:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using OVH for DNS).

  --dns-ovh-propagation-seconds DNS_OVH_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 120)
  --dns-ovh-credentials DNS_OVH_CREDENTIALS
                        OVH credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-rfc2136:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using BIND for
  DNS).

  --dns-rfc2136-propagation-seconds DNS_RFC2136_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 60)
  --dns-rfc2136-credentials DNS_RFC2136_CREDENTIALS
                        RFC 2136 credentials INI file. (default: None)

dns-route53:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using AWS Route53
  for DNS).

dns-sakuracloud:
  Obtain certificates using a DNS TXT record (if you are using Sakura Cloud
  for DNS).

  --dns-sakuracloud-propagation-seconds DNS_SAKURACLOUD_PROPAGATION_SECONDS
                        The number of seconds to wait for DNS to propagate
                        before asking the ACME server to verify the DNS
                        record. (default: 90)
  --dns-sakuracloud-credentials DNS_SAKURACLOUD_CREDENTIALS
                        Sakura Cloud credentials file. (default: None)

manual:
  Authenticate through manual configuration or custom shell scripts. When
  using shell scripts, an authenticator script must be provided. The
  environment variables available to this script depend on the type of
  challenge. $CERTBOT_DOMAIN will always contain the domain being
  authenticated. For HTTP-01 and DNS-01, $CERTBOT_VALIDATION is the
  validation string, and $CERTBOT_TOKEN is the filename of the resource
  requested when performing an HTTP-01 challenge. An additional cleanup
  script can also be provided and can use the additional variable
  $CERTBOT_AUTH_OUTPUT which contains the stdout output from the auth
  script. For both authenticator and cleanup script, on HTTP-01 and DNS-01
  challenges, $CERTBOT_REMAINING_CHALLENGES will be equal to the number of
  challenges that remain after the current one, and $CERTBOT_ALL_DOMAINS
  contains a comma-separated list of all domains that are challenged for the
  current certificate.

  --manual-auth-hook MANUAL_AUTH_HOOK
                        Path or command to execute for the authentication
                        script (default: None)
  --manual-cleanup-hook MANUAL_CLEANUP_HOOK
                        Path or command to execute for the cleanup script
                        (default: None)

nginx:
  Nginx Web Server plugin

  --nginx-server-root NGINX_SERVER_ROOT
                        Nginx server root directory. (default: /etc/nginx or
                        /usr/local/etc/nginx)
  --nginx-ctl NGINX_CTL
                        Path to the 'nginx' binary, used for 'configtest' and
                        retrieving nginx version number. (default: nginx)
  --nginx-sleep-seconds NGINX_SLEEP_SECONDS
                        Number of seconds to wait for nginx configuration
                        changes to apply when reloading. (default: 1)

null:
  Null Installer

standalone:
  Runs an HTTP server locally which serves the necessary validation files
  under the /.well-known/acme-challenge/ request path. Suitable if there is
  no HTTP server already running. HTTP challenge only (wildcards not
  supported).

webroot:
  Saves the necessary validation files to a .well-known/acme-challenge/
  directory within the nominated webroot path. A seperate HTTP server must
  be running and serving files from the webroot path. HTTP challenge only
  (wildcards not supported).

  --webroot-path WEBROOT_PATH, -w WEBROOT_PATH
                        public_html / webroot path. This can be specified
                        multiple times to handle different domains; each
                        domain will have the webroot path that preceded it.
                        For instance: `-w /var/www/example -d example.com -d
                        www.example.com -w /var/www/thing -d thing.net -d
                        m.thing.net` (default: Ask)
  --webroot-map WEBROOT_MAP
                        JSON dictionary mapping domains to webroot paths; this
                        implies -d for each entry. You may need to escape this
                        from your shell. E.g.: --webroot-map
                        '{"eg1.is,m.eg1.is":"/www/eg1/", "eg2.is":"/www/eg2"}'
                        This option is merged with, but takes precedence over,
                        -w / -d entries. At present, if you put webroot-map in
                        a config file, it needs to be on a single line, like:
                        webroot-map = {"example.com":"/var/www"}. (default:
                        {})

Getting help¶

If you’re having problems, we recommend posting on the Let’s Encrypt
Community Forum.

If you find a bug in the software, please do report it in our issue
tracker. Remember to
give us as much information as possible:

  • copy and paste exact command line used and the output (though mind
    that the latter might include some personally identifiable
    information, including your email and domains)

  • copy and paste logs from /var/log/letsencrypt (though mind they
    also might contain personally identifiable information)

  • copy and paste certbot --version output

  • your operating system, including specific version

  • specify which installation method you’ve chosen

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