Answer the questions to the text windows

1) What is Windows 95?

2) What new principles are
used in Windows 95?

3) What is a Recycle Bin
feature?

4) What problems has Windows
95 solved?

5) Is it possible to run old
DOS programs under Windows 95?

6) What is a «plug-n-play»
capability?

7)
What is a «shortcut» capability?

What is a «Find» feature?

9) Why many things work faster
now with Windows 95?

4. Which of the listed above statements are true or false? Specify your answer using the text:

1) An «icon» is graphical
image that represents file and its type.

2) Second button is not used
in Windows 95 because most people use 1-button mouse.

3) There are no similarities
between Macintosh and Windows 95 desktop tools.

4)
Windows 95 has some tools which help to communicate with other people
through computer network.

5) It’s no longer possible to
use MS-DOS commands and run MS-DOS files.

6)
Microsoft Corporation is oriented to produce as many programs as
needed to meet people needs and make them buy specific brand-name
products.

7) New plug-n-play capability
is for those who like to play computer games 24 hours a day and seven
days a week.

A new shortcut feature is
used to cut long programs very short to save disk space.

9) New Find feature helps you
to locate the contents of files.

10) It must be mentioned that
all new Windows features are possible only because of the low level
of performance and quality.

5. Say: What is:

1. window

2. icon

3. recycle bin

4. plug-n-play capability

5. shortcut feature

6. Discuss the following problems:

1) What are the poor features
of Windows 95?

2)
Computer society thinks that Intel Company, the most powerful CPU
producer, has an agreement with Microsoft Corporation that the latter
will develop more and more sophisticated, large and demanding
software to force users to buy new processors and upgrade their
computers.

Do
you think this might be true? How does this suggestion correlate with
the new Windows 2000 and Microsoft Office 2000? Do you think that
Bill Gates’ monopoly on Windows operating systems is very dangerous
for the competition and price-making process?

3) Ask anyone in the group if
Windows 98 is better than Windows 2000? Why and why not?

7. Speak about the operating system Windows you use on your computer. Unit XVI

1. Read and translate the text:

How much shold an educated man know about computers?

Some
years ago in the United States of America a discussion on the
question what an educated man is was organized. At this discussion
one of the definitions of an ‘educated man’ was this:

An educated man:

— is able to read, write, and
to arithmetic;

— has a basic knowledge of the
history and geography of world and man;

—
understands the scientific method, and has an elementary knowledge of
at least one science;

— has an elementary knowledge
of mathematics and logic, what they are, and how to use them;

— knows at least one other
language besides his own well enough to read it and talk a little in
it;

— can say what he means in
suitable words both speaking and writing;

— is able to listen, know how
to learn, and enjoy learning;

—
never forgets that his views and opinions may be wrong, and is always
ready to change them on evidence;

— has an elementary knowledge
of computers and programming, and some active experience with a whole
computer is highly desirable.

An
educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about
science. The educated man of 25-30 years ago did not need to know
anything about computers. But the educated man of today needs to have
at least some significant knowledge of science, and at least a little
significant knowledge about computers.

The
summary knowledge that an educated man should know about computers
could be put down on ten sheets of paper in about 3,000 words.

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Ответы на вопрос

Топ вопросов за вчера в категории Английский язык

Последние заданные вопросы в категории Английский язык

1. Yes, it has.

2. The atomic space and energy age was followed by the age of computer. 

3. Using computers and the internet develops important skills in young people. Teens can visit different countries and cities. They meet new people and communicate with their peers from different countries. They learn a lot about the life of people from other countries. Young people find a lot of useful information in the Internet. 

4. Yes, they do.

5. Internet is very useful, because it is a huge base of data and knowledge, where you can find any thing you want from movies and music of interest to the vast number of books, newspapers and magazines.To find more information, download the required essay, watch video about some books which you have already read, everything can be done through the Internet.

6. Many devices became compatible with computer during the last years, such as mobile phones, navigators and etc.

7. Yes, I can.

8. Of course, I like such communication but I prefer real one.

9. Computer games are probably also a part of our free time and for many people it becomes impossible to tear themselves away. 

10. Yes, they do.

11. Yes, he does.

12. I agree with this article. I don’t mean that I am against computer and the Internet, but it should have reasonable limits.

Управление образования и науки Липецкой области

Государственное областное автономное проФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ образовательное учреждение

«Липецкий металлургический колледж»

А.С. Ефимова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

ПРАКТИКУМ

(сборник профессионально-ориентированных текстов с

упражнениями)

учебно-практическое

пособие для студентов

специальностей

09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы, 09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование

Липецк, 2022

Учебно-практическое пособие «Сборник профессионально-ориентированных текстов с упражнениями» для специальностей 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы и 09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование

Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

Answer the questions according to the text:

What is electronics?

Can you imagine modern life with­out electronics?

Where are electronic devices used?

What was the beginning of electronics development?

What made the progress in radio communication technology possible?

What is the transistor?

When was the transistor invented?

What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor?

When were integrated circuits discovered?

What advan­tages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?

Retell the text in writing (15-20 sentences).

UNIT 2

THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES

Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiple of tens.

Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.

During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier was a Scotsman who invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by Sir Isaak Newton and Leibnitz. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments.

In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called «the analytical engine». This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.

By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others – to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company.

Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation. Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.

In the middle of 1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to the proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the technological progress.

Answer the following questions:

What was the very first calculating device?

What is the abacus?

What is the modern slide rule?

Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables?

How did Newton and Leibnitz contribute to the problem of calculation?

When did the first calculating machine appear?

What was the main idea of Ch.Babbage’s machine?

How did electromechanical machines appear and what were they used for?

What means of 33 Unit 3. History of Computers coding the data did Hollerith devise?

How were those electromechanical machines called and why?

What kind of computers appeared later?

What new had the computers of 1970s?

Find the English equivalences for the following phrases in the text:

2. Find English equivalents in the text:

Программное обеспечение – программы для управления работой компьютера или электронными данными.

Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.

Прикладные программы удовлетворяют вашу потребность.

Системное программное обеспечение контролирует стандартные внутренние деятельности компьютера.

Программисты сегодня имеют тенденцию включать все виды приманок в одну программу.

3. Complete the sentences:

Software – programs for directing … .

Computers can … .

Software determines … .

Programs usually fall in one of two categories … .

System software controls … .

An operating system, for example, is a collection … .

System programs are designed … .

By installing the driver you … .

Applications software satisfies … .

This class of programs is … .

4. Make up the sentences:

5. Answer the questions:

In what two basic groups software could be divided?

What is system software for?

What is software?

What is an operating system?

What is application software?

What is application software for?

6. Say if the following sentences are True or False:

Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.

System software controls standard internal computer activities.

The computer is a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task.

Computers can only input, calculate data as information.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

UNIT 7

OPERATING SYSTEM

Read the text and enumerate types of operating systems:

Answer the questions:

What are the functions of the Service management?

What is the role of Access control?

What does device management include?

What does GUI allow?

How can be application run, configured or deleted?

Match the term with its characteristic feature:

Translate the following words and word combinations into Russia:

icon;

interfaces;

hardware;

storage device;

management;

input;

touch

screen;

verify;

software;

credential;

antimalware software;

malicious file;

settings.

UNIT 8

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is – coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system’s computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program’s logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a «picture» of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure. Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

1. Copy the following words and word combinations into your notebooks:

equation – уравнение/приравнивание;

list of instructions – перечень команд;

guard – защищать/охранять;

appropriate sequence – необходимая последовательность;

program logic – логическая последовательность выполнения программы;

flowchart – блок-схема;

flowcharting – построение блок-схемы;

pictorial representation – наглядное представление;

predefined symbols – заранее заданные символы;

emplate – шаблон/образец;

pseudocode – псевдокод/псевдопрограмма;

burden – издержки/затраты;

consume – потреблять/расходовать;

emphasize – выделять/подчеркивать;

top-down approach – принцип нисходящей разработки;

looping logic – логическая схема выполнения (операций) в цикле.

2. Answer the following questions:

What is programming?

What is the essence of programming?

What should be done with the problem before processing by the computer?

What is a program?

What are instructions?

What are the main techniques for planning the program logic?

What is a flowchart?

What is a template and what is it used for?

What do you understand by «pseudocode»?

What are the basic structures of pseudocode?

3. Find English equivalents for the following words in the text:

совокупность закодированных команд;

суть компьютерного программирования;

кодирование посредством алгоритма;

необходимая последовательность;

составлять план логической последовательности;

логическая последовательность выполнения программы;

построение блок—схемы;

псевдопрограмма.

4. Match the phrases from the first column to the words from the second one:

UNIT 9

THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS.

As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.

The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruction. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a register that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid.

The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the operand is sent from the instruction register to the address register. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.

The arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) executes the processing operrand is sent from the instruction register to the processing operations called for by the instructions brought from main memory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.

Data enter the ALU and return to main storage though the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage though the storage register. The comparer performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as “less than”, “equal to”, or “greater than”.

So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-logical unit are banks of bistable devices, which are called register. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the calculation and hold the results temporarily until they can be transferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.

Copy out the vocabulary:

control unit (CU) – блок управления

arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) – арифметико—логический блок

to obtain – получать

to store – хранить

to issue – выдавать

to execute – выполнять

flow – поток

counter – счетчик

register – регистр

decoder – декодер

to carry out – выполнять

rapid – быстрый

sequence – последовательность

primary storage – первичное хранилище

storage register – регистр хранения

instruction register – регистр команд

operand – операнд/объект действия

address register – адресный регистр

binary arithmetic – двоичная арифметика

accumulator – аккумулятор/сумматор

comparer – компаратор/блок сравнения

logical comparisons – логическое сравнение

banks of bistable devices – система бистальных устройств (устройств с двумя устойчивыми состояниями)

binary adder – двоичный сумматор

electronic circuitry – электронная схема

Answer the following questions:

What are the functional units of CPU?

What is the function of CU?

How does CU operate?

What is the function of a counter?

What role does a decoder play?

What is the sequence of cu operations?

What is the function of the arithmetic-logical unit?

What operations are performed by ALU?

What primary components does ALU consist of?

What is the function of an accumulator?

Find equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text:

результаты сравнения;

принимать решения;

умножение;

двоичный сумматор;

сложение;

адресный регистр;

дешифратор;

вычитание;

адрес операнда;

датчик;

счетчик;

регистр памяти;

основная память;

последовательность операций.

UNIT 10

APPLICATION PROGRAMS

An Application Program is a software program that performs a specific function, such as accounting, word processing or drafting. There are some categories of application program to choose from spreadsheet, Database Management, Computer Aided Design (CAD), Communications, Graphic presentations, desktop Publishing, Integrated Programs, Window and Windows – based Programs. Within each category, there are several software programs which have gained industry-wide acceptance.

Word processing: is the most common application for a personal computer. Most word processing software programs allow us to create, edit, and save documents, along with changing the position of the text in a document, inserting new information in the middle of the text, or removing words and sections no longer needed. With a typewriter, you would have to re-type the entire document after a few major changes. Given a computer, a document can be stored electronically and retrieved at any time for modification.

Examples of word processing programs include: Word Perfect; MS-Word; Multimate; Wordstar; Displaywrite; Word for Windows; Word Perfect for Windows.

Accounting and spreadsheets: One of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers was to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks and large businesses. Nowadays, a personal computer is capable of handing the accounting and finances of almost any small to medium-sized business. Many different programs are available for plotting financial trends and performing everyday bookkeeping functions. One of the most popular financial tools is called a spreadsheet. An electronic spreadsheet is a software program, which performs mathematical calculations and ‘want – if’ analysis. Besides replacing your pencil and calculator for solving financial and statistical problems, spreadsheets can display line graphics, bar chats, and scatter plot diagrams. Often accounting and spreadsheet programs are designed to work together, in efforts to provide the financial solution.

Examples of accounting programs include: ACCPAC Simply Accounting, ACCPAC plus, Business Vision Turbo, New Views Accounting, Great Plains, Dac Easy, Peach Tree, Abacus II.

Examples of spreadsheet programs include: Lotus 1-2-3, MS-Exel, Quatro Pro, Supercale.

Database Management. A database is a simply collection of related information. Some common examples are a phone book, an inventory list, a personal file. A Database Management Software program assists in manipulating and organizing the information in a database. A database application is any task ordinarily handled by a filing cabinet, multiply file folders, or some other information storage system. In a manual system, for example, each drawer in filing cabinet is reserved for a specific purpose, such as maintaining profile sheets on customers. Each profile is written on a standard form and a clerk places the file folder in the drawer. This manual process is identical to a computerized database, where the database software performs the function of the filing clerk. Rather that placing the customer profiles in the filing cabinet drawer, a computerized database stores each profile electronically on a disk.

Some examples of a database management programs: Dbase, R:BASE, Paradox, FoxPro, Q&A, Oracle.

Computer Aided Design. Computers are the perfect tools for creating drawing or architectural plans. Because the drawings can be saved, it is easy to incorporate modifications, design improvements and corrections. Computers are often used on the final process of converting a computer drawing into a physical product. One such example is the manufacturing of electronic circuit boards. First, the electronic circuit drafting program produces the schematic design, then a second program tests the design by simulating the circuit’s operation, and finally a third program constructs the circuit board from the design layout.

Computer Aided Design programs are: AutoCAD, TANGO, PCAD, Generic CAD.

Communications: Computers can communicate with each other via regular telephone lines and modems. Communication software programs enable different types of computers to exchange data using a common language. The IMB PC can actually emulate various types of equipment, around the world, with the help of software. Communication programs are: Smartcom, Kermit, Crosstalk, PC Talk, Pro Comm, PC Anywhere, CloseUp.

Graphic Presentations: There are actually some people, who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for analyzing a business’ performance. These people are called accountants. However, most people are visual learners of diagrams, graphs and charts for representing numerical trends. There are a variety of programs for displaying information graphically: –Lotus 1-2-3, Exel, Quatro Pro, Chartmaster, Chart, Harvard Graphics, Micrografix Powerpoint, DrawPerfect.

Desktop Publishing is the process of taking a document and inserting graphics and applying enhanced formatting options. These programs take text from the more common word processor and produce print-shop quality output. Desktop publishing programs are used to create newsletters, brochures, reports, book and other publications.

Desktop publishing programs include: Aldus PageMaker, Ventura Publisher, AMI Professional. Integrated Programs: they unite one or more of the primary computer applications, whether word processing, spreadsheet or database into a single package. These programs allow people to experiment with the major computer applications, while only investing in a single product. The post popular integrated programs are: –MS-Works, Q&A, Eight in one, Symphony, Framework.

Microsoft Windows. Windows is a program, which enhances many aspects of using a microcomputer. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI and pronounced «Gooey») for programs running under the Windows environment. In other word, Windows allows a person to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions, rather than having to remember commands. As well Windows’ products allow a WYSIWYG (‘what you see is, what you get’) screen display, especially important for word processing and desktop publishing programs.

1. Translate these into your own language:

software program

application program

industry-wide acceptance

along with changing the position

no longer needed

to re-type the entire document

calculate volumes of financial data

bookkeeping functions

to assist in manipulating and organizing the information

perfect tools

program tests the design

emulate various types

select desired functions

2. Find English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text:

выполнять специфическую функцию

самая распространенная прикладная программа

создавать, редактировать, сохранять документы

вставлять новую информацию

удалять слова, которые больше не нужны

получить в любое время

быть способным, быть в состоянии что-либо выполнять

ручной процесс

пласт

используется, чтобы создать

позволяет людям экспериментировать

выбрать

3. Finish the sentences according to the text:

An application program is a software ….. .

Word processing software programs allow us ….. .

An electronic spreadsheet is a ….. .

A data base application is any task ….. .

Computers are perfect tools for ….. .

Communication programs enable different types of computers ……

There are people who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for ….. .

These programs take text from the more common word processor and ….. .

Windows allows a person ….. .

4. What kind of programs do you choose to perform the following tasks:

to create, edit and save documents;

to make a phone book, inventory list, a personal file;

to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks;

to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions;

to create drawings or architectural plans;

to communicate with other persons via regular telephone to exchange data using a common language;

to unite one or more of the primary computer applications.

5. Give appropriate definitions and examples of the following application programs:

word-processing

accounting and spreadsheets

database management

computer aided design

communications

graphic presentations

desktop publishing

Microsoft Windows

6. Answer the questions:

What is an application program?

What does word processing software program allow to do?

What was one of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers?

What is a personal computer capable doing now?

What is spreadsheet?

What is database?

What are the perfect tools for creating drawings?

What are desktop publishing programs used to?

What is windows?

UNIT 11

TEXT EDITORS

History

Be­fore text ed­i­tors ex­isted, com­puter text was punched into cards with key­punch ma­chines. Phys­i­cal boxes of these thin card­board cards were then in­serted into a card-reader. Mag­netic tape and disk «card-im­age» files created from such card decks often had no line-sep­a­ra­tion char­ac­ters at all, and as­sumed fixed-length 80-char­ac­ter records. An al­ter­na­tive to cards was punched paper tape. It could be cre­ated by some teleprinters, which used spe­cial char­ac­ters to in­di­cate ends of records.

The first text ed­i­tors were «line ed­i­tors» ori­ented to type­writer-style ter­mi­nals with­out dis­plays. Com­mands ef­fected edits to a file at an imag­i­nary in­ser­tion point called the «cur­sor». Edits were ver­i­fied by typ­ing a com­mand to print a small sec­tion of the file, and pe­ri­od­i­cally by print­ing the en­tire file. In some line ed­i­tors, the cur­sor could be moved by com­mands that spec­i­fied the line num­ber in the file, text strings for which to search, and reg­u­lar expres­sions. Line ed­i­tors were major im­prove­ments over key­punch­ing. Some line ed­i­tors could be used by keypunch.

When com­puter ter­mi­nals with video screens be­came avail­able, screen-based text ed­i­tors be­came com­mon. One of the ear­li­est full-screen ed­i­tors was “O26”, which was writ­ten for the op­er­a­tor con­sole of the CDC 6000 series com­put­ers in 1967. An­other early full-screen ed­i­tor was “vi”. Writ­ten in the 1970s, it is still a stan­dard editor on Unix and Linux op­er­at­ing sys­tems.

Also writ­ten in the 1970s was the UCSD Pas­cal Screen Ori­ented Ed­i­tor, which was op­ti­mized both for indented source code as well as gen­eral text. 

Emacs, one of the first free and open source soft­ware pro­jects, is an­other early full-screen or real-time ed­i­tor, one that was ported to many systems. A full-screen ed­i­tor’s ease-of-use and speed (com­pared to the line-based editors) mo­ti­vated many early pur­chases of video terminals.

The core data struc­ture in a text ed­i­tor is the one that man­ages the se­quence of char­ac­ters or list of records that rep­re­sents the cur­rent state of the file being edited. While the for­mer could be stored in a sin­gle long con­sec­u­tive array of char­ac­ters, the de­sire for text ed­i­tors that could more quickly in­sert and delete text. 

Vocabulary:

punch – вбивать

keypunch machine – клавишный перфоратор

physical box –

cardboard card – перфокарта

insert – вставлять

card-reader – устройство считывания с перфокарт

magnetic tape – магнитная лента

card-image file – отображение данных перфокарты

card deck – колода перфокарт

line-separation character – разделительный символ

assume – принимать

punched paper-tape – бумажная перфолента

teleprinter – телетайп

indicate – отображать

line editor – редактор строк

type­writer-style ter­mi­nal – клавиатура по типу пишущей машинки

edits – система передачи изображений

insertion point – место ввода

text string – текстовая строка

regular expression – регулярное выражение

screen-based text ed­i­tors – экранный текстовый редактор

op­er­a­tor con­sole – пульт оператора

in­dented source code – закрытый исходный текст

source soft­ware project – программа с открытыми исходными кодами

ease-of-use – простой в управлении

pur­chase – покупка

core data struc­ture – структура основных данных

se­quence of char­ac­ters – порядок символов

cur­rent state – текущее состояние

con­sec­u­tive array – последовательный порядок

Match the following words to make word combinations:

Answer the questions:

Where was computer text punched before the invention of text editors?

What does the core data structure manage in a text editor?

What is a standard editor on Unix?

How did keypunch machines work?

What was an alternative to cardboard cards?

What were line editors oriented to?

How were edits verified?

What is one of the first free source software projects?

When did screen-based text editors become common?

Types of texts

There are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and rich text (created by word processors or desktop publishing software).

Plain text consists of character representation. Each character is represented by a fixed-length sequence of one, two, or four bytes, or as a variable-length sequence of one to four bytes, in accordance to specific character encoding conventions.

These conventions define many printable characters, but also non-printing characters that control the flow of the text, such space, line break, and page break. Plain text contains no other information about the text itself, not even the character encoding convention employed. Plain text is stored in text files, although text files do not exclusively store plain text.

Rich text, on the other hand, may contain metadata, character formatting data, paragraph formatting data, and page specification data. Rich text can be very complex. Rich text can be saved in binary format, text files adhering to a markup language, or in a hybrid form of both.

Text editors are intended to open and save text files containing either plain text or anything that can be interpreted as plain text, including the markup for rich text.

Text editors have 5 main features:

Find and replace. Text editors provide extensive facilities for searching and replacing text, either on groups of files or interactively. Advanced editors can use regular expressions to search and edit text or code.

Cut, copy, and paste. Most text editors provide methods to duplicate and move text within the file, or between files.

Ability to handle UTF-8 encoded text.

Text formatting. Text editors often provide basic visual formatting features like line wrap, auto-indentation, bullet list formatting using ASCII characters, comment formatting, syntax highlighting and so on. These are typically only for display and do not insert formatting codes into the file itself.

Undo and redo. Text editors provide a way to undo and redo the last edit, or more.

Vocabulary:

plain text – обычный текст

rich text – форматированный текст

word processor – текстовый процессор

desktop publishing software – программное обеспечение для настольных издательских систем

character – символов

fixed-length sequence – фиксированная последовательность

variable-length sequence – переменная последовательность

character encoding – кодирование символов

convention – соглашение

the flow of the text – поток данных

line break – разрыв строки

page break – разрыв страницы

employed – применяемый

store – хранить

exclusively – исключительно

metadata – метаданные

character formatting data – данные форматирования символа

paragraph – абзац

page specification data – данные о странице

complex – сложный

binary – двоичный

adhering – придерживающийся

markup language – язык разметки

provide – предоставлять

facility – возможность

interactively – интерактивный режим

advanced – расширенный

expression – выражение

paste – вставка

within – внутри

handle – обработка

feature – функция

line wrap – перенос строк

auto-indentation – автоматическое отступление

bullet list – список маркеров

syntax highlighting – выделение синтаксических конструкций

display – отображать

undo – отмена

redo – восстановление

Answer the questions:

What is the difference between plain text and rich text?

What do non-printing characters control?

What are the typical creatures of text editors?

What are the basic visual formatting features?

What does rich text contain?

What does plain text contain?

What way can rich text be saved?

Match the following words:

UNIT 12

COMPUTER MEMORY

1. Copy out words in bold and translate them into Russian:

Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do. There are two kinds of software. The first is System Software and includes programs that run the computer system or that aid programmers in performing their work. The second kind of software is Application Software, which directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.

Memory is the general term used to describe a computer system’s storage facilities. Memory’s job is to store the instruction or programs and data in the computer. Memory can be divided into two major categories: 1 – main memory, 2 – auxiliary storage. Main memory is also called main storage, internal storage or primary storage and is a part of the CPU. Main memory is usually on chips or a circuit board with the other two components of the CPU. RAM for Random Access Memory, is the storage area directly controlled by the computer’s CPU. Main Memory assists the control unit and the ALU by serving as a repository for the program being executed and for data as it passes through. RAM or Volatile memory so called because its contents are replaced when new instructions and data are added, or when electrical power to the computer is shut off. RAM is read-write memory, in that it can receive or read data and instructions from other sources such as auxiliary storage.

Another type of memory is ROM or Read Only Memory. ROM holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over. ROM is sometimes called firmware because it holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.

Auxiliary storage, also called auxiliary memory or secondary storage, is memory that supplements main storage. This type of memory is long-term, Nonvolatile Memory. Nonvolatile means that computer is turned off or on.

2. Fill in the blanks necessary words:

1. … gives instructions that tell computers what to do.

2. … directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.

3. Memory’s job is to store … .

4. … can be divided into two main categories.

5. Main memory is usually on … .

6. … is read-write memory.

7. … holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over.

8. … is memory that supplements main storage.

9. … means that the computer is turned off or on.

3. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Memory can store instructions, programs, data … the computer.

2. Main memory is usually … chips or a circuit board … the other two components of the CPU.

3. RAM … random access memory is the storage area controlled … the computer’s CPU.

4. Memory so called because its contents are replaced, when instructions are added or when electrical power is shut … .

5. ROM holds instructions that can be read, but no written … .

4. Find the synonyms for the following words:

A storage device, to perform, to handle, to process, a portion, to transmit, to store, a routing.

5. Find the antonyms to the following words:

To take away, to break down, secondary, external, old instructions, switch on, short-term.

6. Which sentences don’t correspond to the sense of the text:

1. CMOS is used in PCs to store information such as the amount of installed memory.

2. Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do.

3. CMOS also contains a wonderful clock with a built-in-alarm, which we don’t get to use.

4. The Software as most intangible products is not always capable of being readily evaluated.

5. Volatile memory is replaced when new instructions and data are added.

6. Firmware holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.

7. CMOS memory is used on IBM compatible machines to store system information that needs to be preserved even when the computer is turned off.

7. Give the definition to the following terms and translate them:

software

memory

main memory

auxiliary memory

RAM

ROM

Volatile memory

nonvolatile memory

8. Answer the questions:

1. Does software give instructions that tell computers what to do?

2. How many kinds of software do you know? What are they?

3. When do you use the term ‘memory’?

4. What is the job of memory?

5. Can you name two major categories of memory?

UNIT 13

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users’ data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs which manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and retrieve data.

DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their requirement. The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and other application programs. It provides an interface between the data and the software application.

Characteristics of Database Management System:

Provides security and removes redundancy.

Self-describing nature of a database system.

Insulation between programs and data abstraction.

Support of multiple views of the data.

Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing.

DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.

It follows the ACID concept (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability).

DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and manipulate data in parallel.

Users in a DBMS environment:

Four Types of DBMS are:

Hierarchical database

Network database

Relational database

Object-Oriented database

Hierarchical DBMS

In a Hierarchical database model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up) format. Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, but children have only one parent.

Network Model

The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to address the need to model more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.

Relational model

Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables. Relational model stores in fixed structures.

Object-Oriented Model

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure which is called classes which display data within it. It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members values and operations.

Say if the following statements are true or false:

In a Hierarchical database data is represented using a parent-child relationship.

DBMS consists of a group of programs which manipulate the database.

DBMS doesn’t provide security.

In Network Model entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through only one path.

DBMS provides an interface between the data and the software application.

The Application programmers write programs in one conventional programming language to interact with other users.

One of Database Management System characteristic is supporting of multiple views of the data.

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects.

In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, and children may have many parents.

End-Users don’t belong to the DBMS environment.

Match the words to make appropriate word collocations and translate them into Russian:

UNIT 15

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

Computer-oriented data processing systems or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual sys­tems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers.

Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possi­bility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly pro­grammed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.

Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be trans­mitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reserva­tions system is an example of a data communications network. Reservation clerks throughout the world may make an enquiry about transportation or lodgings and receive an almost instant response. Another example is an office communications system that provides executives with access to a reservoir of date, called a corporate data base, from their personal microcomputer work stations.

Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic discs is con­stantly increasing. Thus the cost per character of data stored is decreasing.

Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing sys­tems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if cli­ents had to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second.

Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using comput­ers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, in­formation-dependent society.

Vocabulary:

to take advantage of smth — воспользоваться ч.-л.

capability — способность; возможность; характеристика

accuracy — точность; правильность; четкость(изображения)

to eliminate — устранять; удалять; отменять; ликвидировать

error-prone — подверженный ошибкам

to remain vulnerable — оставаться уяз­вимым, чувствительным

invalid data — неверные, неправильные, недо­пустимые данные

communications networks — сети передачи данных; сети связи

travel — перемещение; прохождение; путь; ход

instant response — мгновенный ответ (реакция)

to respond — отвечать; реагировать

access — доступ; обращение; обращаться, иметь доступ

capacity of storage — объем (емкость) памяти

to retrieve — извлекать, выбирать (данные); вос­станавливать (файл)

value — значение; величина; значимость; цен­ность; оценка; оценивать

objective — цель; требование; целевая фун­кция

cost-effective — экономичный; экономи­чески оправданный

challenge — трудность; препятствие; представ­лять трудность

Answer the questions:

What capabilities should data-processing systems combine when designed?

What are the main advantages of comput­ers?

What do you know of computers accuracy?

What is the function of communication networks?

Give examples of a data communication network.

What do you understand by capacity storage?

What other values of computer data pro­cessing systems do you know?

What is an important objec­tive in the design of computer data processing systems?

What is the most effective computer data processing system?

What is the best way of responding to the challenges and opportuni­ties of our post-industrial society?

2. Find English equivalents for these words:

система обработки информации компьютером;

оставаться уязви­мым;

недопустимые данные;

легкость осуществления свя­зи;

сеть передачи информации;

системы, основанные на использовании спутников;

служащие по резервированию жилья;

получить мгновенный ответ;

наводить справки;

хранилище данных;

корпоративная база данных;

объем памяти;

запоминать огромное количество информации;

извлекать информацию;

добавить значимости;

упомяну­тый выше;

эконо­мически оправданный.

3. Match the terms to their definitions:

4. Choose the correct answer:

1. Computer data … system gets free humans from routine error-prone tasks.

a) counting; b) computing: c) processing

2. Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and … it.

a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond

3. The entered data can be transmitted by … networks.

a) communications; b) conversions; c) procession

4. The possibility of … is reduced if data were correctly put into the data processing system.

a) character; b) access; c) error

5. Computer data processing systems can … at a frac­tion of a second.

a) receive; b) respond; c) retrieve

6. Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of … data.

a) invalid; b) invariable; c) invisible

7. As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the human … is limited.

a) computation; b) information; c) manipulation

8. The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constantly … .

a) decreasing; b) increasing; c) eliminating

UNIT 16

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Programming has been with us for over 40 years but it wasn’t born at the time as the first computers. When the first early computers were built, there were no programming languages. First machines were initially programmed by flipping toggle switches and changing cables. Needless to say, this was a slow, awkward process. People began quickly searching for a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.

The result was what we call Programming Languages. The programming languages fall into three general categories. They are comprised of ones and zeros, and are directly understood or executed by hardware. Electronic circuitry turns these 0s and 1s into the operations the computer performs.

Assembly Languages are powerful programming tools because they allow programmers a large amount of direct control over the hardware. They offer programmers greater ease in writing instructions but preserve the programmer’s ability to declare exactly what operations the hardware performs. Assembly languages are machine-specific, or machine-dependent. Machine-dependent means the instructions are specific to one type of computer hardware. Assembly languages are still provided by most computer manufacturers – they can’t be translated and used on another computer.

Assembly code for a Prime mini won’t work on a Digital mini. Assembly code can’t even be transferred between some machines built by the same manufacturer. For the most part, assembly languages are used by systems programmers to develop operating systems and their components.

So Assembly languages were the first bridge between the English Language and the computer’s binary language. The creation of high-level programming languages followed. A high-level language is a language in which each instruction or statement correspond to several machine code instructions.

As high-level languages are a method of writing programs using Englishlike words as instructions, they allow users to write in a notation with which they are familiar, e.g., Fortran in mathematical notation.

High-level programming languages combine several machine language instructions into one high-level instruction. Low-level languages required only a single letter or a short mnemonic a term, or a word that is easy to identify, such as ADD for addition. High-level language requires just a single statement.

A Statement is an expression of instruction in a programming language. For example, PRINT FILE, TXT is a statement. A statement translates into one or more instructions at the machine language level. Each programming language includes a set of statement and a syntax. Syntax is the set of rules governing the language’s structure and statements. The syntax rules may include how statements are written, the order in which statements occur, and how sections of programs are organized.

FORTRAN was created in 1954 by John Backus. And it was one of the first high-level languages for FORmular TRANslator. Fortran allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions. It is used for scientific and mathematical problems. The source program is written using combination of algebraic formulas and English statements of a standard but readable form.

Another high-level machine language is Cobol. Cobol was developed by the Conference on Data Systems Languages. Cobol was issued by the US Government Printing Office in 1960. Cobol stands for Common Business-Oriented Language. The source program is written using statements in English. It was made for business industry, government and education applications. This means that Cobol «has a place for everything» and requires programmers to «put everything in its place». Cobol programs are separated into four divisions:

1. The Identification Division (раздел идентификации) documents the program name, the programmer’s name (s), dates and any other important identification information.

2. The Environment Division names the computer hardware, including the CPU and I/O devices.

3. Data Division identifies all associated files and working storage sections of the program.

4. The Procedure Division contains all the instructions in the Cobol program.

Cobol divisions are further divided into paragraphs and sections. This structure helps programmers write code efficiently and with a minimum of repetition and confusion.

Algol was developed as an international language for the expression of the algorithms between individuals, as well as programming language. It was introduced in the early 1960s. Algol stands for ALGOrithmic Language. This language is used for mathematical and scientific use. An Algol program consists of data items, statements and declarations, organized into a program structure BASIC or the Beginners AU-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was developed over a period of years by professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz and students in the computer science program at Dartmouth College. It was released in 1965. In most versions, BASIC is an unstructured language. The original Basic was easy to learn allowing computer users to write simple programs within a few minutes.

Basic uses five major categories of statements:

– Arithmetical statements allow users to use Basic like a calculator

– Input/ Output statements, including READ, DATA, INPUT and PRINT

– Control statements including GOTO, IF-THEN, FOR, NEXT and END control the sequence of instructions executed by the computer

– Other statements help document Basic programs and set up data dimensions respectively

– System Commands tell the operating system how to work with Basic programs

RUN means execute a program

LIST directs the computer to display a Basic program.

1. Fill in the gaps necessary words or expressions:

1. First machines were ….. by flipping toggle switches and ….. .

2. The programming languages fall into ….. .

3. They are comprised of ….. and ….. .

4. ….. are powerful programming tools.

5. Machine-dependent means ….. .

6. A high-level language is a language in which ….. .

7. ….. is an expression of instruction in a programming language.

8. ….. allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions.

9. ….. stands for ALGOrithmic Language.

10. Basic uses ….. .

2. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Programming has been ….. us for over 40 years.

2. People began searching ….. a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.

3. They offer programmers greater ease ….. writing instructions.

4. Assembly code ….. a Prime mini won’t work ….. a Digital mini.

5. Assembly languages were the first bridge ….. the English Language and the computer’s binary language.

6. A statement translates ….. one or more instructions ….. the machine language level.

7. System Commands tell the operating system how to work … Basic programs.

3. Find the synonyms to the following words:

to execute, a tool, to allow, to preserve a notation, to issue, to differ

5. Give appropriate definition of the following terms:

1. Programming languages

2. Assembly Language

3. Cobol

4. Algol

5. Basic

6. Give the situation from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:

1) for over 40 years

2) slow, awkward process

3) three general categories

4) a large amount of direct control

5) machine-dependent

6) to develop operating systems

7) combine several machine language instructions

a set of statements

9) a few code instructions

10) write code efficiently

7. Answer the questions:

1. How were the first computers programmed?

2. What is an example of assembly language?

3. What does the term machine-dependent mean?

4. What is an assembly language primary used for?

5. What is a high-level language?

6. What does it combine?

7. What is a statement/syntax?

8. When was FORTRAN created? What is Fortran?

9. When was Cobol created? What is Cobol?

10. How many sections are Cobol separated into?

UNIT 17

INTERNET

The Internet is a huge network of computers spanning this planet and is now started to bring in the surrounding area like space. Some computers like servers share data, others just surf the web as clients downloading the data. Public Internet began in the late 70’s. In the 70’s web users used an interface called telnet, but now that program is mainly obsolete. Telnet is most widely deployed in accessing college email accounts.

The Internet is very helpful, because it’s a huge database of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication and huge wealth of knowledge. But how to go on the Internet and do a search for information we need. There are two ways to do it.

The first is when you know an internet address of data you need and the second one is when you try to find information you need by using a search program. In the beginning we have got to enter any browser you like. It could be an Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator or Opera, etc. If we have a broadband connection, we connect to the Internet at once. If not, we have to set up and connect to our dial-up service. Finally, if we want to find some information in the Internet, we are to type an address of this data in the browser we use or simply use the existing search-programs such as the google search program, rambler search program, yandex search program or yahoo search program.

They are very simple and popular networks of sites. In these programs we can just type the word or name of thing, we would like to find and then press enter. A search program solves this problem. We get our results in the same window. After we get our results, we simply choose whatever site best matches our query or keep searching.

Besides data, one can get from the Internet, we can also send and receive e-mail or electronic mail. This internet service is cheaper than ordinary mail and much quicker. It is becoming popular day by day. We can get some news from the Internet, because there are many informational servers in the web.

1. Find English equivalents in the text:

огромная сеть компьютеров,

обмениваются данными,

заняться поиском нужной нам информации,

использовать существующие поисковые программы,

популярные сети сайтов,  

соответствует нашему запросу,  

мы также можем отправлять и получать электронную почту.

2. Fill in the gaps with the following words:

explorer, e-mail, network, cheaper, knowledge.

1. The Internet is a huge … of computers spanning this planet.

2. In the beginning we have got to enter any browser you like. It could be an Internet … , Netscape Navigator or Opera, etc.

3. The Internet is very helpful, because it’s a huge database of … , from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics.

4. Besides data, one can get from the Internet, we can also send and receive … or electronic mail.

5. This internet service is … than ordinary mail and much quicker.

3. Write a short summary of the text (15-20 sentences).

Write a short opinion on the problem of how the internet influences modern life.

UNIT 18

INFORMATION SECURITY

A

For centuries people have been collecting and storing different types of information for various reasons. Today, thanks to the new information technologies the process of collecting and providing information throughout the world is as easy as never before. Though technologies made this process digital, convenient, and dynamic, still information security should be the main concern for those who own and control any type of information, especially when it concerns public, business and government sectors.

Why Information needs security?

We all make use at least of one modern technology in our everyday, business, and public life – computers, laptops, mobile devices, interactive terminals etc. Many people register their personal information to Internet, some for employment, and others for business and social communication purposes. And while we, the users are running through this, we want to be assured that our information would be used and secured in a proper way since we never lose the sense of private life and security.

Information Security is the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction. It is based on the principles of the consumers’ interests and human rights. In many countries it is a legal requirement. Protecting information is critical for business and governmental institutions which deal with huge volumes of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across networks. So now, we can imagine what could happen if this kind of information would be available to everyone – it will cause an incredible damage like lost business, law suits or even bankruptcy of the business.

Of course, securing information is about securing the system or network that the information is stored in. But apart from all this there should be a concise understanding of information security core aspects in order to plan, implement and maintain an effective security policy. That policy should be compliant with local laws and industry standards.

B

Information Classification.

Information value needs to be assessed to have appropriate security requirements for different types of information. Not all information is equal and so not all information requires the same level of protection. This requires information to be classified due to its value. So a thorough risk management should be realized. Obviously, the more sensitive or valuable the information the stronger the security control needs to be.

Access Control.

The protected information should be available only to those people who are authorized to access that information and to control its development. That is why all the computers, software and networks which process the information, should be set up with access control and provide authorization. mechanisms.

Cryptography.

Cryptography is a main asset in information security. It is the process of converting the secured data into unusable form while the information is in transmission or just is in storage. This is done for preventing unauthorized users from reading and interpreting the sensitive data they could accidentally get or access. Unusable information could be transformed back to the usable one by an authorized user, who has the cryptographic key. This converse process is decryption.

Defense-In-Depth.

Information security assumes not only the protection of stored data but also its protection on the stages of creation, development and disposal. In other words, it is “responsible” for the whole life-time of the information. During its life-time information may “travel” through different processes and systems and even change its format and value. Defense-in-depth allows controlling information life-time and adequately reacts on information transformations and external threats. It is a comprehensive and detailed approach to information security. It is a multi-layered defense system where each component of the information has its own protection mechanisms.

Backups and Disaster Recovery.

These days nobody and nothing is insured from unexpected and unprecedented cases. So does the information. To provide the business continuity and information completeness companies and other institutions of high significance employ disaster recovery planning (DRP) and back-ups policy.

Information back up is the periodical reservation of data copy on extra systems to have at least one reserved copy in case of data loss or destruction.

DRP is focused on taking the necessary steps to resume normal business operations as quickly as possible. It is executed immediately after the disaster occurs and details what steps are to be taken in order to recover critical information.

Hardware and Software.

An effective information security system incorporates a set of policies, security products, hardware and software technologies and procedures. The correct and targeted deployment of all those components should make up an effective information security.

A

Answer the following questions:

Why has the process of collecting and providing information throughout the world become easy?

Why do people register their personal information?

What is the purpose of information security?

What principles is information security based?

Why is protecting information sometimes critical for business?

What could happen if personal information would be available to everyone?

What should security policy be compliant with?

Translate the following sentences into Russian:

Though technologies made this process digital, convenient, and dynamic, still information security should be the main concern for those who own and control any type of information, especially when it concerns public, business and government sectors.

Protecting information is critical for business and governmental institutions which deal with huge volumes of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status.

Of course, securing information is about securing the system or network that the information is stored in.

And while we, the users are running through this, we want to be assured that our information would be used and secured in a proper way since we never lose the sense of private life and security.

B

Answer the questions:

What does information security system incorporate?

What is information back-up?

What is DRP focused on?

Why should computers be set up with access control?

What does information security assume?

What is cryptography?

What is decryption?

What does defense-in-depth allow?

Why should the information be classified?

Say if the following statements are True or False. It the statement is false transform it according to the text:

The simplest the information the stronger the security control needs to be.

Only security products and hardware technologies make up an effective information security.

The protected information should be available only to people with an authorized access.

Disaster recovery planning is focused on taking the necessary steps to resume normal business operations as quickly as possible.

These days everyone is insured from unexpected cases.

Information may travel through different processes and systems but can’t change its format and value.

Information is not equal but it requires the same level of protection.

Unusable information can be transformed back to the usable one.

Cryptography is an important part of information security.

Match the following terms to its definitions:

6

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ СМОЛЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ,

НАУКЕ И ДЕЛАМ МОЛОДЕЖИ

Сафоновский филиал областного государственного бюджетного профессионального образовательного учреждения

«Смоленская академия профессионального образования»

(Сафоновский филиал ОГБПОУ СмолАПО)

Цикловая комиссия общеобразовательных дисциплин

Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку

«Сборник текстов и заданий для самостоятельной работы студентов

1-2 курсов специальности

09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы»

Сафоново

2015

Рассмотрено на заседании цикловой комиссии общеобразовательных дисциплин Протокол № от «__»___________201_ г. Председатель ЦК_________/___________/ Составитель ________ /преподаватель Сафоновского филиала ОГБПОУ СмолАПО/ Рецензент__________ (И.В. Кладко) /преподаватель Сафоновского филиала ОГБПОУ СмолАПО/ Рецензент:_____________________ _____________________ _____________________

ОДОБРЕНО Методическим советом Протокол № ___ от «____»____________ 201 г. .

Пояснительная записка

Основной целью учебного пособия является подготовка студентов к чтению профильно-ориентированной литературы с разными задачами, развитие навыков говорения по профессиональной тематике, формирование коммуникативных умений в пределах изучаемой темы, навыков перевода как вида речевой деятельности, а также обучение работе с текстом как видом письменного высказывания.

Учебно-методическое пособие содержит профессионально ориентированные тексты. Материал заимствован из учебников и первоисточников на английском языке. Отбор учебного материала определила ориентация на будущую специальность студентов. Работа с текстами предусматривает овладение определенными лексическими и практическими навыками, а также развитие умений и навыков в различных видах речевой деятельности. Каждый текст сопровождается лексико-грамматическими упражнениями к нему, которые предлагают возможности для практики, позволяют студентам приобрести необходимый профильный лексический минимум, способствующий практическому овладению языком на основе прочитанного текста. Учебный материал расположен по возрастающей степени сложности.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1-2 курса специальности 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы. Данное пособие может использоваться как для аудиторной, так и внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы студентов.

Содержание

Unit 1 “The first calculating devices”………………………………………….5-7

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Text 1……………………………………………………………………………………………5-6

Tasks…………………………………………………………………………………………….6-7

Unit 2 “The first computers”…………………………………………………8-10

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………..8

Text 2……………………………………………………………………………………………8-9

Tasks……………………………………………………………………………………………9-10

Unit 3 “What is a computer?”……………………………………………….11-13

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………11

Text 3…………………………………………………………………………………………11-12

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….12-13

Unit 4 “Types of computer systems”………………………………………..14-16

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………14

Text 4…………………………………………………………………………………………14-15

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….15-16

Unit 5 “What is hardware?”…………………………………………………17-20

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………17

Text 5…………………………………………………………………………………………17-19

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….19-20

Unit 6 “Input devices: type, click and talk!”……………………………21-23

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………21

Text 6…………………………………………………………………………………………21-22

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….22-23

Unit 7 “Input devices: the eyes of your PC”…………………………….24-26

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………24

Text 7…………………………………………………………………………………………24-25

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….25-26

Unit 8 “Output devices: printers”…………………………………………..27-29

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………27

Text 8…………………………………………………………………………………………27-28

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….28-29

Unit 9 “Output devices: display screens”……………………………………30-32

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………30

Text 9…………………………………………………………………………………………30-31

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….31-32

Unit 10 “Types of data”………………………………………………………33-35

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………33

Text 10………………………………………………………………………………………..33-34

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….34-35

Unit 11 “Types of Software”…………………………………………………36-39

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………36

Text 11………………………………………………………………………………………..36-37

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….37-39

Unit 12 “Operating systems”…………………………………………………40-43

Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………………………40

Text 12………………………………………………………………………………………..40-41

Tasks………………………………………………………………………………………….41-43

Unit 1 The first calculating devices

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

calculating device

multiple

abacus

slide rule

logarithm table

calculus

general-purpose

to cut out the human being altogether

to manipulate

data processing

tabulate the census

means of coding

to punch the holes

punched card

to perform

unit of data

Keyboard terminals

proliferation

2. Read and translate the text. Choose the information in it to give a summary of the text.

Text 1 The first calculating devices

Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.

During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.

Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibniz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called «the analytical engine». This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.

By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation. Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.

In the mid—1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to the

proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the future.

Tasks

Task 1. Look back in the text and answer the following question:

1. What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and Leibniz contribute to the problem of calculation? 6. When did the first calculating machine appear? 7. What was the main idea of Ch.Babbage’s machine? 8. How did electromechanical machines appear and what were they used for? 9. What means of coding the data did Hollerith devise? 10. How were those electromechanical machines called and why? 11. What kind of computers appeared later? 12. What new had the computers of 1970s?

Task 2. Find the English equivalents in the text.

Вычислительное устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот почему); кратное десяти; изобрести механический способ умножения и деления; логарифмическая линейка; составить таблицы логарифмов; математический анализ; изобрести независимо (друг от друга); в результате; полностью исключить человека; кроме (за исключением); обработка деловой информации; средство кодирования информации; перфокарты; пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные в таблицу; работать с данными на перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информацию блоками; единица информации; выполнять вычисления; для научных целей; клавишный терминал.

Task 3. Remember the meaning of the given verbs. Use your dictionary.

To compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to multiply, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to operate.

Task 4. Translate the following word combinations including:

A: Participle I

Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying electronic signals; computers performing computations in milliseconds; electronic pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.

B: Participle II

The given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.

Unit 2 The first computers

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

analog computer

digital computer

to aim guns

to figure out

at a fast rate

memory / storage

to store data and instructions

stored program computer

binary code

condition

vacuum tube

to amplify

to perform computations

2. Read and translate the text. Give the summary obit.

Text 2 The first computers

In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate.

In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).

Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer’s memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage’s analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann’s machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes. Neumann’s stored program computer as well as other machines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices.

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the questions about the text.

1. When was the first analog computer built? 2. Where and how was that computer used? 3. When did the first digital computers appear? 4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer? 5. What could that device do? 6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was J.Neumann’s contribution into the development of computers? 8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC? 9. What does binary code earn? 10. Due to what invention could the first digital computers be built?

Task 2. Find the English equivalents of the following word combinations in

the text.

Цифровые компьютеры; технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров; ответственный за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное достижение; запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое напряжение; низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды.

Происходить; завершать; вычислять; хранить команды внутри компьютера; запоминать информацию; запоминать команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать дизайн; усиливать сигналы; выполнять вычисления.

Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the correct words.

1. The first digital computer could a lot of mathematical problems at a fast________. 2. Vannevar Bush built the first _________ computer in 1930. 3. Babbage’s analytical engine was designed to _____________ data. 4. J. von Neumann invented a machine that was able to ____________ not only data but also _______________ . 5. Neumann _______ the idea of storing data in a __________. 6. Computers use two conditions for ___________ symbols. 7. The invention of ___________ made computers possible to control and ___________ electronic signals. 8. Due to ___________ computers could perform ___________ much faster.

Task 4. Translate the following sentences and word combinations into Russian including:

A: The infinitive in function of adverbial modifiers.

1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. 3. They were applied to reduce computational time. 4. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 5. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 6. Analytical engine was invented to store data.

B: The infinitive in function of attributes

The problem to be solved; the work to be finished; the cards to be punched; calculations to be performed; the machine to be shown at the exhibition; the device to be provided with the necessary facts; computers to be used for data processing; efforts to increase reliability; electronics to connect systems and subsystems; the speed of response to depend on the size of transistor; computers to perform thousands of calculations per second; vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals; these are circuits to use a large number of transistors; operations to be performed.

Unit 3 What is a computer?

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

device

intelligence

hardware

software

processing

procedures

perform

manner

various

purpose

to convert

data

to store

digital

2. Read and translate the text.

Text 3 What is a computer?

Computer is a device for processing information. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is called hardware. A computer system is a combination of four elements:

a) Hardware

b) Software

c) Procedures

d) Data/information

Software are the programs that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn’t know what to do. The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers take information in the form of instructions called programs and symbols called data. After that they perform various mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results (information). Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.

Computers

Computer is an electronic device that can receive a program (a set of instructions) and then carry out this program by calculating numerical information. The modern world of high technology is possible mainly due to the development of the computer. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems.

Personal computers

Personal computers also called microcomputers or home computer. The most compact are called laptops. They are portable and work on build-in batteries. Personal computers are designed for use at homes, schools, and offices. At home they can be used for home management (balancing the family finances, for example) and for playing computer games, watching films or listening to music. Schoolchildren can use computers for doing their homework and many schools now have computers for independent learning and computer-literacy studies. In the office personal computers may be used for word processing, bookkeeping, storage and handling of necessary information. Personal computers were made possible by two technical innovations in the field of microelectronics: the integrated circuit, or IC, which was developed in 1959 and the microprocessor that first appeared in 1971. The IC permitted the miniaturization of computer-memory circuits, and the microprocessor reduced the size of a computer’s CPU to the size of a single silicon chip. Because a CPU calculates, performs logical operations, contains operating instructions, and manages data flows, a complete microcomputer as a separate system was designed and developed in 1974.

In 1981, IBM Company offered its own microcomputer model, the IBM PC that became a necessary tool for almost every business. The PC’s use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of faster and more powerful personal computers, and its use of an operating system that was available to all other computer makers led to a standardization of the industry.

In the mid – 1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for the growth of personal computers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful 32-bit CPU capable of running advanced operating systems at high speeds.

Another innovation was the use of conventional operating systems, such as UNIX, OS/2 an Windows. The Apple Macintosh computers were the first to allow the user to select icons – graphic symbols of computer functions – from a display screen instead of typing commands. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and users are able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their personal computers.

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the following questions:

1) What does the term “computer” describe?

2) Is computer intelligent?

3) What are four components of computer system?

4) What is software?

5) What’s the difference between the hardware and software?

6) In what way terms “data” and “information” differ?

7) How does computer convert data into information?

Task 2. Find Russian equivalents for the following words:

Computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, information, data, microphone, printer, modem, Internet.

Task 3. Here are some sentences. Are they true or false? Correct the false

sentences:

1) Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to aselectronic device.

2) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded.

3) There are four elements of computer system: hardware, software, diskettes and data.

4) Without software instructions hardware doesn’t know what to do.

5) The software is the most important component because it is made by people.

6) The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output.

Unit 4 Types of computer systems

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

mainframe

process

store

simultaneous process

server

network

desktop PC

monitor

keyboard

laptop

memory capacity

portable

touchpad

sensitive

USB (Universal Serial Bus) port

memory card

battery pack

electrical outlet

tablet PC

editable text

voice recognition

personal digital assistant

access the Internet

wearable computer

wireless modem

2. Read and translate the text.

Text 4 From mainframes to wearable computers

A mainframe is the most powerful type of computer. It can process and store large amounts of data. It supports multiple users at the same rime and can support more simultaneous processes than a PC. The central system is a large server connected to hundreds of terminals over a network. Mainframes are used for large-scale computing purposes in banks, big companies and universities.

A desktop PC lias its own processing unit (or CPU), monitor and keyboard. Ir is used as a personal computer in the home or as a workstation tor group work. Typical examples arc the IBM PC and the Apple Macintosh. It’s designed to be placed on your desk. Some models have a vertical case called a tower.

A laptop (also called a notebook PC) is a lightweight computer that you can transport easily. It can work as fast as a desktop PC, with similar processors, memory capacity, and disk drives, but it is portable and has a smaller screen. Modern notebooks have a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) screen that produces very sharp images. Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into rhe keyboard — a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the screen. They offer a lot of connectivity options: USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports for connecting peripherals, slots for memory cards, etc. They come with battery packs, which let you use the computer when there arc no electrical outlets available.

A tablet PC looks like a book, with an LCD screen on which you can write using a special digital pen. You can fold and rotate the screen ISO degrees. Your handwriting can be recognized and converted into editable text. You can also type at the detached keyboard or use voice recognition. It’s mobile and versatile.

A personal digital assistant or PDA is a tiny computer which can be held in one hand. The term PDA refers to a wide variety of hand­held devices, palmtops and pocket PCs. For input, you type at a small keyboard or use a stylus — a special pen used with a touch screen to select items, draw pictures, etc. Some models incorporate handwriting recognition, which enables a PDA to recognize characters written by hand. Some PDAs recognize spoken words by using voice recognition software. They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses. They also let you access the Internet via wireless technology, without cables.

A wearable computer runs on batteries and is worn on the user’s body, e.g. on a belt, backpack or vest; it is designed for mobile or hands-free operation. Some devices are equipped with a wireless modem, a small keyboard and a screen; others are voice-activated and can access email or voice mail.

Tasks

Task 1. Look at the descriptions. Which type of computer do they refer to?

1) a hand-held computer which can be used as a telephone, a web explorer and a personal organizer;

2) a typical computer found ill many businesses and popular for home use;

3) a large computer used for intensive data processing and often linked to many terminals;

4) a small computer that fits into items of clothing;

5) a portable computer that can be closed up like a briefcase, but it can be as powerful as a desktop PC;

6) a full-function PC though it only weighs 1.2 kg — you can go to a meeting and write your notes on it, like a paper notepad; its screen mode can be changed from portrait to landscape.

Task 2. Look at the computer advertisement and answer the questions.

Toshiba Satellite

— Intel Centrino processor

— 1,024 MB RAM, 100 GB hard disk drive

— DVD SuperMulti (+/-R double layer) drive

— 15.4″ widescreen TFT active-matrix LCD display

— 85-key keyboard and touchpad

— 2 memory slots, 1 PC Card or PCMCIA slot

— Wireless communications: Wi-Fi compliancy and Bluetooth

— 4 USB ports for connecting peripherals: digital camera, MP3 player, modem, etc.

— 6-cell rechargeable Lithium-ion battery pack.

1. What type of computer is advertised?

2. What kind of screen does it have?

3. Which pointing device replaces rhe mouse?

4. What type of ports does it have for connecting cameras and music players?

5. What sort of power supply does it use?

Task 3. Read this interview with Adam Hawkins, an IT manager, and complete it with words from the PDA section of text 4.

Interviewer: What are the basic features of a PDA?

Adam: Well, a typical PDA is a (1)_______________ device that runs on batteries and combines computing, phone and Net capabilities.

Interviewer: And how do you enter information?

Adam: For input, you use a (2)__________________ or pen to write and make

selections on a (3)_________________; they also have buttons for launching programs. Some models have a small keyboard. They may have a (4)___________________system that reacts to the user’s voice.

Interviewer: Do they need special software?

Adam: Yes, most of them run on Windows Mobile. Palmtops supported by Palm

Inc. use Palm OS. Pen-based systems include (5) ____________________so you write on the screen and the computer recognizes your handwriting and inserts the appropriate letters.

Interviewer: What sort of things can you do with a PDA?

Adam: You can store personal information, take notes, draw diagrams and make

calculations. Many PDAs can access the Net via (6)____________________technology.

Task 4. Answer the questions.

1. Write down two benefits and two limitations of PDAs.

2. Explain how laptops can be beneficial to business people.

3. Write three examples of how tablet PCs can be used in the classroom.

Unit 5 What is hardware?

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

input hardware

to convert

suitable

mouse

to roll

to reach

cursor

processing hardware

execution

to direct

central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor

brain

to interpret

RAM

ROM

storage hardware

to retrieve

hard disk

CD-ROM

CD-ROM drives

digitized

graphics

temporary

output hardware

purpose

to connect

to provide

to affect

amount

2. Read and translate the text. Give the summary of the text using the professional vocabulary:

Text 5 What is hardware?

Webster’s dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware – the devices composing a computer system.

Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:

1) input hardware

2) processing hardware

3) storage hardware

4) output hardware

Input hardware

Input hardware collects data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a handheld device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moved across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer.

Processing hardware

Processing hardware directs the execution of software instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing. Memory is the component of the computer in which information is stored. These are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM. RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs.

ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system. The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.

Storage hardware

The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-Rom. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data. Floppy disk (diskette) – a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing temporary computer data and programs. These are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25’ and 3.5’. 3.5’ disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used. CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) is a compact disk on which a large amount of digitized data can be stored. CDROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CDROM drives can provide nowadays.

Output hardware

The purpose of output hardware is to provided the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information produced by the computer system. Information is in either hardcopy of softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor. Monitor is display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data of graphics. Modem is an example of communication hardware – an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what you are going to do on your computer.

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the following questions:

1) What is the Webster’s dictionary definition of the hardware?

2) What groups of hardware exist?

3) What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?

4) What is the mouse designed for?

5) What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?

6) What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?

7) What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem?

Task 2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:

1) The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing.

2) Scanner is used to input graphics only.

3) CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper.

4) User is unable to change the convents of ROM.

5) Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information.

6) Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.

7) The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.

Task 3. Match the given words with their definitions from the text :

1) CPU

2) ROM

3) Floppy-disk

4) CD-ROM

5) Printer

6) Modem

7) Hard disk

Keyboard

Task 4. Choose the words mean “Hardware”:

1) program

2) mouse

3) CPU

4) printer

5) modem

6) instruction

7) cursor or the pointer

keyboard

9) symbol

Task 5. Read and translate the text:

Windows 98

Windows 98 is an operational system based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files. It’s very easy to use Internet if you have Windows 98 on your computer. Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact with Internet more easy. Most everyday tasks are easier to do than before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. Recycle Bin makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files. Your computer probably will crash less with Windows 98. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we will all think more about our data and less about the programs used to create them. Windows 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. A new Windows 98 shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files.

Vocabulary:

expanding windows principle – принцип расширяющихся окон

icon – иконки

represent – представлять

to interact – взаимодействовать

weapon – оружие

recycle bin – корзина

to recover – восстановить

deleted files – удаленные файлы

to crash – зависать, давать сбои

plug-and-play – подключай и работай

upgrade – апгрейд (увеличение возможностей компьютера)

support – поддержка

necessity – необходимость

to move forward – двигаться вперед

shortcut capability – возможность нахождения кратчайшего пути

frequently – часто

Unit 6 Input devices: type, click and talk!

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

input devices

alphanumeric keys

numeric keypad

function keys

cursor keys

insertion point

dedicated keys

to issue commands

select items on the screen

button

scroll wheel

an optical mouse

a cordless (wireless) mouse

infrared signal

click, press and release the button

drag, hold down the button

a list of commands

word processor

email program

launch programs

open, save or print files

search the Web

chat

2. Read and translate the text.

Text 6 Interacting with your computer

Input devices are the pieces of hardware which allow us to enter information into the computer.

The keyboard

A standard PC keyboard has various groups of keys:

— Alphanumeric keys — these represent letters and numbers, arranged as on a typewriter.

— A numeric keypad appears to the right of the main keyboard and contains numeric and editing keys; the Num Lock key is used to switch from numbers to editing functions.

— Function keys appear at the top of the keyboard and can be programmed to do special jobs.

— Cursor keys include “arrow keys” which move the insertion point, and keys such as Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down, which let you move around documents.

— Dedicated keys are used to issue commands or produce alternative characters. For example: Ctrl changes the functions of other keys (e.g. Ctrl + X cuts the selected text). Caps Lock sets the keyboard in “CAPITALS” mode; it only affects letters. Enter (or Return) is pressed to select options from a menu or to start a new paragraph. Backspace deletes the character to the left of your current position.

The mouse

A mouse is a hand-held device that lets you move a pointer (or cursor) and select items on the screen. It has one or more buttons to communicate with the PC. A scroll wheel lets you move through your documents or web pages. The pointer looks like an I-bar, an arrow or a pointing hand.

An optical mouse has an optical sensor instead of a ball underneath.

A cordless (wireless) mouse has no cable; it sends data via infrared signals or radio waves. Mouse actions:

— to click, press and release the left button.

— to double-click, press and release the left button twice.

— to drag, hold down the button, move the pointer to a new place and then release the burton.

— to right-click, press and release the right button; this action displays a list of commands.

Voice input

Today you can also interact with your computer by voice with a voice-recognition system that converts voice into text, so you can dictate text directly onto your word processor or email program. You can also control your PC with voice commands; this means you can launch programs, open, save or print files. Some systems let you search the Web or chat using your voice instead of the keyboard.

Tasks

Task 1. Which input device would you use for these tasks?

1) to play computer games;

2) to copy images from paper into a computer;

3) to read price labels in a shop;

4) to select text and click on links on web pages;

5) to enter drawings and sketches into a computer;

6) to input voice commands and dictate text;

7) to draw pictures or select menu options directly on the screen to take and store pictures and then download them to a computer.

Task 2. Complete each sentence by choosing from the following devices: touch screen, trackball, touchpad, webcam.

1. A ______________is a stationary device that works like a mouse turned upside down. You roll the ball with your hand to move the pointer on the screen.

2. Interactive _________________ are used in museums, information centres and Internet kiosks.You use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen.

3. A _______________ is used to send live video images via the Internet.

4. A _______________ is found on notebook PCs. You use it by pressing the sensitive pad with a finger.

Task 3. Complete these sentences with the correct “mouse action”.

1) To start a program or open a document you _________________ on its icon — that is, you rapidly press and release the mouse button twice.

2) If you want to select a menu option, you just _______________ on the left button.

3) If you want to find the commands for a particular text, image, etc., you have to __________________ on it.

4) If you want to move an object, press the button and ________________ the object to the desired location.

Task 4. Make a list of the things you can do with a voice-recognition system.

Unit 7 Input devices: the eyes of your PC

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

to capture

to copy images

convert into electronic codes

flatbed

photocopier

film scanner

hand-held scanner

pen scanner

barcode scanner

to give a unique identification number

to measure

Optical Character Recognition software

to scan

digital camera

to store as digital data

storage device

flash memory card

view or print the images

digital video (DV) camera

manipulate video images

video editing software

cut, paste, add effects

export the result

display on a screen

create a DVD

put movie on the Web

webcam

record photos and video onto hard disk

FireWire port

microphone

earpiece

2. Read and translate the text.

Text 7 Input devices: the eyes of your PC

Scanners

Input devices such as scanners and cameras allow you to capture and copy images into a computer. A scanner is a peripheral that reads images and converts them into electronic codes which can be understood by a computer. There are different types.

— A flatbed is built like a photocopier and is for use on a desktop; it can capture text, colour images and even small 3D objects.

— A film scanner is used to scan film negatives or 35 mm slides — pictures on photographic film, mounted in a frame.

— A hand-held scanner is small and T-shaped, ideal to capture small pictures and logos.

— A pen scanner looks like a pen; you can scan text, figures, barcodes and handwritten numbers.

Barcode scanners read barcodes on the products sold in shops and send the price to the computer in the cash register. Barcodes consist of a series of black and white stripes used to give products a unique identification number.

The resolution of a scanner is measured in dpi or dots per inch. For example, a 1,200 dpi scanner gives clearer, more detailed images than a 300 dpi scanner.

Most scanners come with Optical Character Recognition software. OCR allows you to scan pages of text and save them into your word processor; they can then be edited.

Digital cameras

A digital camera doesn’t use film. Photos are stored as digital data (bits made up of 1s and 0s), usually on a tiny storage device known as a flash memory card. You can connect the camera or memory card to a PC and then alter the images using a program like Adobe Photoshop, or you can view the images on a TV set. Many printers have a special socket so that you can print images directly from a memory card or camera.

Digital video cameras and webcams

A digital video (DV) camera records moving images and converts them into digital data that can be processed by a PC. You can manipulate video images with video editing software. You can cut, paste, add effects, etc. You can store or export the result, display it on a screen or create a DVD, email or put your movie on the Web.

Webcams (short for Web cameras) let you send and receive live video pictures through the Internet. They are primarily used for video conferences — video calls — but they can be used to record photos and video onto your hard disk. The resolution of webcams is expressed in megapixels (million pixels). Webcams connect to the PC via a USB (universal serial bus) or FireWire port; they display video at 24 to 30 frames (pictures) per second. Some include a headset with a microphone and earpiece.

Tasks

Task 1. Complete these sentences with the correct words.

1) Scanners and cameras are __________________devices used to transfer images into a format that can be understood by computers.

2) A __________________ lets you copy photos and printed documents into your PC.

3) It has become one of life’s most familiar sounds — the beep of the supermarket till whenever a ______________________ is scanned.

4) If you need to scan 35mm _________________ you should go for a dedicated 35mm film scanner which concentrates all its dots into a tiny area.

5) This scanner has a resolution of 300 x 600 _____________________.

6) A ___________________ scanner is small enough to hold in your hand.

7) A _________________ scanner is used to capture lines of text, barcodes and numbers.

Most digital cameras use flash ___________________cards to store photos.

9) ___________________scanners have a flat surface and take at least A4-sized documents.

10) To scan photographic negatives or slides you will need a _______________ scanner.

Task 2. Decide if these sentences are True or False. If they are false, correct them.

1) The details detected by a scanner are not determined by its resolution.

2) A barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for reading barcode labels printed on products.

3) Scanners cannot handle optical character recognition.

4) A digital camera uses a light sensitive film instead of a memory card for storing the images.

5) A digital video (DV) camera is used to take still photographs.

6) Video editing software allows you to manipulate video clips on the computer.

Task 3. Complete this advertisement with words from the webcam section.

Having (1)_________________with friends and family has never been easier or more enjoyable. You get the highest-quality audio and video, no matter which chatting solution you use. With the WebCam Live! Ultra, its CCD image sensor with 640 x 480 (VGA) resolution produces rich, vibrant colours. Combined with its (2) __________________ 2.0 Hi-Speed connection, the result is top-quality, full-motion video at 30 (3)____________________ per second for all your web conversations, even in dimly-lit rooms. The WebCam Live! Ultra lets you do more. Let your voice be heard clearer than ever before with the included (4)_________________ , unlike the built-in microphones in most other (5)_________________. Take still pictures at up to 1.3 (6)___________________ resolution (interpolated), and enjoy the many great features that accompany the bundled award-winning WebCam Center software, such as motion detection, remote security monitoring, timelapse video capture and much more.

Unit 8 Output devices: printers

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

printout or hard copy

printer driver

print spooler

output quality

print server

dot-matrix printer

print head

tiny pins

ink-jet (bubble-jet) printer

cartridge

laser printer

page description language or PDL

professional imagesetter

plotter

computer-aided design

2. Read and translate the text.

Text 8 Output devices: printers

A printer is a device that prints your texts or graphics on paper. The output on paper or acetate sheets is called printout or hard copy. A program in your computer, called the printer driver, converts data into a form that your printer can understand. A print spooler stores files to be printed when the printer is ready. It lets you change the order of documents in the queue and cancel specific print jobs. The output quality, or resolution, is measured in dpi or dots per inch. The speed of your printer is measured in pages per minute (ppm). In a network, users can share a printer connected to a print server, a computer that stores the files waiting to be printed.

Types of printers

A dot-matrix printer uses a group, or matrix, of pins to create precise dots. A print head containing tiny pins strikes an inked ribbon to make letters and graphics. This impact printing technology allows shops, for example, to print multi-part forms such as receipts and invoices, so it’s useful when self-copying paper is needed. It has two important disadvantages: noise and a relatively low resolution (from 72 to 180 dpi).

An ink-jet (also called bubble-jet) printer generates an image by spraying tiny, precise drops of ink onto the paper. The resolution ranges from 300 to 1,200 dpi, suitable for small quantities or home use.

A standard ink-jet has a three-colour cartridge, plus a black cartridge. Professional ink-jets have five-colour cartridges, plus black; some can print in wide format, ranging from 60 cm up to 5 metres (e.g. for printing advertising graphics). Some ink-jet based printers can perform more than one task. They are called multi-function printers because they can work as a scanner, a fax and a photocopier as well as a printer. Some units accept memory cards and print photos directly from a camera.

A laser printer uses a laser beam to fix the ink to the paper. A laser works like a photocopier; a powder called toner is attracted to paper by an electrostatic charge and then fused on by a hot roller. Laser printers are fast and produce a high resolution of 1,200 to 2,400 dpi, so they are ideal for businesses and for proofing professional graphics work. Lasers use a page description language or PDL which describes how to print the text and draw the images on the page. The best-known languages are Adobe PostScript and HP Printer Control Language.

A professional imagesetter is a typesetting printer that generates very high-resolution output (over 3,540 dpi) on paper or microfilm. It’s used for high-quality publications.

A plotter is a special type of printer which uses ink and fine pens held in a carriage to draw detailed designs on paper. It’s used in computer-aided design, maps, 3-D technical illustrations, etc.

Tasks

Task 1. Complete these sentences with words from the text.

1) The differences in ___________________are noticeable: the more dots per inch, the clearer the image.

2) A print resolution of between 600 ______________ and 2,400_____________________ ensured that even text as small as 2 pt was legible.

3) Passengers with an electronic ticket will need a ______________________ of ticket confirmation or a boarding pass to be admitted to secured gate areas.

4) The key advance of recent years is printing speed: the latest generation of ink-jets prints black-and-white text at 15_________________ (___________________).

5) With appropriate software, you can view the images on a computer, manipulate them, or send them to a ____________________ and produce excellent quality colour copies.

6) A______________________is a dedicated computer that connects a printer to a

network. It enables users to share printing resources.

7) A____________________is a utility that organizes and arranges any documents

waiting ro be printed.

In computers, a_________________ is a program installed to control a particular type of printer.

Task 2. Choose the most appropriate type of printer for these situations from the text.

1) a home user who wants to print text documents and family photographs;

2) business people who need to print in large quantities at high quality in an office;

3) engineers who want to make detailed line drawings;

4) professional typesetters in desktop publishing (e.g. to publish catalogues and magazines);

5) a company that wants to print carbon copies of bills and receipts.

Task 3. Find terms in the text which correspond to these definitions.

1) a container that holds the ink in an ink-jet printer;

2) powdered ink used in laser printers;

3) small needles that press on the inked ribbon to make the characters on paper;

4) printer technology that produces text and pictures by hammering pins against a ribbon and the paper;

5) a language that tells a printer how to print a document;

6) a peripheral which combines a printer, a fax machine and photocopying and scanning capability into one device.

Task 4. Describe the characteristics of the printer that you have or would like to have at home or at work. Give details about: type of printer, speed, resolution, ink cartridges, price and customer support.

Unit 9 Output devices: display screens

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

screen of a computer

visual display unit

video card

CRT or an LCD screen

electron gun

active-matrix LCDs

transistor switch

screen size

sharpness of images

brightness

colour depth

refresh rate

flicker

2. Read and translate the text.

Text 9 Output devices: display screens

CRTs and LCDs

The screen of a computer is often known as the monitor, or VDU (visual display unit). Inside the computer, there is a video card which processes images and sends signals to the monitor. When choosing a monitor, you have to take into account a few basics.

— Type of display — the choice is between a CRT or an LCD screen.

The Cathode Ray Tube of a monitor is similar to a traditional TV set. It has three electron guns (one for each primary colour: red, green and blue) that strike the inside of the screen, which is coated with substances called phosphors, which glow and create colours. CRTs are cheap, but they are heavy, can flicker and emit radiation.

A Liquid Crystal Display is made from flat plates with a liquid crystal solution between them. The crystals block the light in different quantities to create the image. Active-matrix LCDs use TFT (thin film transistor) technology, in which each pixel has its own transistor switch. They offer better quality and take up less space, so they are replacing CRTs.

— Screen size — the viewing area is measured diagonally: in other words, a 17″ screen measures 17 inches from the top left corner ro the bottom right.

— Resolution — the clarity of the image depends on the number of pixels (short for picture elements) contained on a display, horizontally and vertically. A typical resolution is 1,024 x 768. The sharpness of images is affected by dot pitch, the distance between the pixels on the screen, so a dot pitch of 0.28 mm or less will produce a sharp image.

— Brightness — the luminance of images is measured in ed/m² (candela per square metre).

— Colour depth — the number of colours a monitor can display. For example, a VGA monitor produces 256 colours, enough for home use; a SuperVGA can produce up to 16.7 million colours, so is ideal for photographic work and video games.

— Refresh rate — the number of times that the image is drawn each second. If a monitor has a refresh rate of 75 Hertz (Hz), it means that the screen is scanned 75 times per second. If this rate is low, you will notice a flicker, which can cause eye fatigue.

Tasks

Task 1. Correct these false statements.

1) The images shown on a monitor are not generated by the video card.

2) All visible colours can be made from mixing the three primary colours of red, yellow and blue.

3) Typical CRT-based displays occupy less space than LCD displays.

4) Active-matrix LCDs do not use a technology called thin film transistor or TFT.

5) The size of the screen is measured horizontally.

Task 2. Match each term with the correct definition.

1) phosphors

2) LCD screen

3) pixel

4) dot pitch

5) refresh rate

a) the frequency at which a monitor renews its image, measured in Hz;

b) a flat-panel display which works by emitting light through a special liquid;

с) the space between a display’s pixels;

d) the smallest element in a displayed image;

e) materials that emit light and produce colours when they are activated by an electron beam.

Task 3. Complete the technical specifications of this monitor with words from the text.

The new Paintview XT-85 combines a television and a computer 1)_________________ in one display.
Type of display	Flat panel LCD
2)________________________	19 inches
3) Display _______________________	1,280 x 1,024 pixels
Dot pitch	0,294 mm
4) ___________________________	16.7 million colours
Contrast ratio	1,000:1
5) ___________________________	450 cd/m2
Built-in TV tuner	Yes
Audio	Two 3-watt speakers and a 5-watt subwoofer; headphone jack
The Picture-in-Picture function allows you to watch more than one program at the same time and lets you adjust the size of each window.

Unit 10 Types of data

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

data

to divide

to compute

computation

arithmetic operation

logical operation

addition

subtraction

false

to benefit

equal

to determine

to compare

comparison

value

tool

microwave oven

embedded

accept

flexible

advent

to expand

sequence

increase

decimal point

save

2. Read and translate the texts:

Text 10 Types of data

A. Much of the processing computers can be divided into two general types of operation. Arithmetic operations are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematic procedures. Early computers performed mostly arithmetic operations, which gave the false impression that only engineers and scientists could benefit from computers. Of equal importance is the computer’s ability to compare two values to determine if one is larger than, or equal to the

other. This is called a logical operation. The comparison may take place between numbers, letters, sounds, or even drawings. The processing of the computer is based on the computer’s ability to perform logical and arithmetic operations. Instructions must be given to the computer to tell it how to process the data it receives and the format needed for output and storage. The ability to follow the program sets computers apart from most tools. However, new tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or built-in computers. An embedded computer can accept data to use several options in it’s program, but the program itself cannot be changed. This makes these devices flexible and convenient but not the embedded computers itself.

B. With the advent of new computer applications and hardware, the definition of data has expanded to include many types. Numeric data consists of numbers and decimal points, as well as the plus (+) and minus (-) signs. Both arithmetic operations and logical operations are performed on numeric data. This means that numbers can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other. Text, or textual data, can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters. Sometimes textual data is known as alphanumeric data. Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up audio-visual data. The computer can produce sounds, music and even human voice. It can also accept audio information as an input. Data can also take form of drawings and video sequences. Physical data is captured from the environment. For example, light, temperature and pressure are all types of physical data. In many large buildings, computer systems process several kinds of physical data to regulate operations. Computers can set off security alarms, control temperature and humidity, or turn lights on and off, all in response to physical data. These applications increase people’s safety and save the time and money.

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the following questions:

1) In what two major parts could be computer operations divided?

2) What are arithmetic operations?

3) What are logical operations?

4) Can computer compare two graphical objects?

5) What makes computer so different from other tools?

6) What is embedded computer? What modern devices have embedded computers?

7) How many are types of data?

What is physical data?

Task 2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:

1)Arithmetic operations are operations with numbers — subtraction and division.

2) Early computers gave false impression about their capabilities.

3) Logical operations are computer’s ability to com-pare two values.

4) The major difference between the computer and tools lies in the flexibility of the program.

5) Embedded computers are found only in typewriters and ovens.

6) Microwave oven’s program is flexible and could be changed because of the embedded computer.

7) Numeric data consist of numbers, decimal points and the (+) and (-) signs.

Computer can accept human speech as an audio-visual input data.

Task 3. Match the given words with their definitions using the vocabulary:

1) Software

2) Arithmetic operation

3) Logical operation

4) Numeric data

5) Textual data

6) Physical data

7) Audio-visual data

Task 4. Fill in the gaps using the words below:

1) … are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures.

2) The computers ability to compare two values to determine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal to the other is called a …

1) New tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or … computers

2) An … can accept data to use several options in it’s program, but the program itself cannot be changed.

3) … can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other.

4) … can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters.

5) Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up… which is captured from the environment.

a) logical operation

b) text, or textual data

c) audio-visual data

d) physical data

e) arithmetic operations

f) built-in

g) numbers

Unit 11 Types of Software

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

to direct

to conduct

to complete

equipment

internal

to require

control

specific

general-purpose

aid

regard

regardless

memory capacity

to install

to transfer

to provide with

to secure

security

to develop

developer

to check

attach

Web-browser

peripheral

to boot

to handle

gimmick

Read and translate the text:

Text 11 Types of Software

A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires

specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computer’s memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can start to work.

System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly go along with your

device. By installing the driver you «teach» your main board to «understand» the newly attached part.

Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.

Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer’s memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the following questions:

1) What is software?

2) In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?

3) What is system software for?

4) What is an operating system — system or application software?

5) What is a «driver»?

6) What is application software?

7) What are application software for?

What is the tendency in application software market in recent years?

9) What is the application of the communication software?

Task 2. Choose the words mean “Software”

1) Program

2) Mouse

3) CPU

4) Word processor

5) Modem

6) Web-browser

7) Operating system

Scanner

9) Developer

10) Equipment

Task 3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:

1) Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.

2) System software controls internal computer activities.

3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used.

4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disk drives is unavailable for system software.

5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppydisk driving.

6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware.

7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer resources.

Communication software is of great need now because of the new advances in communication technologies.

9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.

10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network.

Task 4. Find the equivalents in the text:

1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.

2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность).

3) Этот класс программ самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга.

4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств компьютерной системы.

5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы «учите» систему «понимать» вновь присоединенное устройство.

6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память.

7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировало к производству многих соответствующих программных продуктов всё возрастающее число компаний-разработчиков.

Task 5. Give the definitions using the vocabulary:

1) Software

2) Driver

3) Application software

4) Operating system

5) Communication software

6) Computer

7) Peripheral device

Operating system

Unit 12 Operating systems

Organizing vocabulary:

1. Organize the following words in your notebook. Translate them.

complex

to consume

consumer

to realize

smart

decade

version

to enhance

top

on top of DOS

compatible

with a click of a mouse

access

to allow

multiple users

simultaneously

to desire

to ship

2. Read and translate the text:

Text 12 Operating systems

When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time consuming. Programmers soon realized it-would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for « Microsoft DOS ». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC’s memory management capabilities. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC’s. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible.

Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.Windows 95 & 98 are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Windows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.

Tasks

Task 1. Answer the following questions:

1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940’s and 1950’s?

2) Why first programs were «complex» and «time-consuming»?

3) What are the basic functions of operating system?

4) What does DOS abbreviation means?

5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system?

For what purpose? Was the new operational system successful?

6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS?

7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is it DOS-compatible?

What are the basic requirements for NT?

Who is the developer of OS/2?

9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?

10 )What are the remarkable features of Windows 95?

Task 2. Fill in the gaps using the words below:

1) Like NT,… is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user

interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse.

2)… is the most commonly used PC operating system

3)… is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to

access the system

4)… is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced

version of the popular

Microsoft Windows programs.

5) The usage of… is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it

very quickly.

a) UNIX

b)DOS

c)NT

d) OS/2

e) Windows 95

Task 3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text:

1) When computers were first introduced in 40s and 50’s programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.

2) The operational system control and manage the use of the hardware and the memory usage.

3) There are no commands available in operating systems, only word processors.

4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM’s PC-DOS.

5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M random access memory.

6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developed by Microsoft.

7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users-simultaneously

Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very «friendly» and convenient interface.

Task 4. Find the equivalents in the text:

1) Современные операционные системы контролируют использование системного оборудования, например, принтера и мыши.

2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные системы PC-DOS и MS-DOS идентичны, с равными возможностями и набором системных команд.

3) OS/2 — DOS совместимая операционная система, позволяющая запускать программы при помощи графического интерфейса пользователя.

4) Дополнительные программы для работы с устройствами системного оборудования были очень сложны и поглощали много времени.

5) Операционная система также позволяет запускать программы, такие как простейший текстовый редактор.

6) DOS — наиболее распространенная операционная система для персонального компьютера.

Используемые источники

1. Santiago Remacha Esteras «Professional English in use for computers and the Internet». – Издательство Кембриджского университета (Cambridge University Press), 2007. – 117 с.

2. Гольцова Е.В. «Английский язык для пользователей ПК и программистов. Самоучитель». – СПб.: КОРОНА принт, 2002. – 408 с.

3. Агабекян И. П. «Английский язык: Учебник». – Ростов на Дону.: Феникс, 2008. – 318 с.

4. Восковская А.С., Карпова Т.А. «Английский язык» — Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2012 г.

5. Голубев А.П., Коржавый А.П., Смирнова И.Б. Английский язык для технических специальностей = English for Technical Colleges: учебник для студ. учреждений сред. проф. образования.— М., 2014.

6. Агабекян И. П. «Английский для технических вузов». — Ростов-на-Дону, 2009 г.

7. Бонами Д. «Английский язык для будущих инженеров».- М., АСТ «Астрель», 2009 г.

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